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2023年上半年英语专四真题试卷（含答案）
在平时的学习、工作中，我们最少不了的就是试卷了，经过半个学期的学习，究竟学到了什么?需要试卷来帮我们检验。那么一般好的试卷都具备什么特点呢？下面是小编为大家收集的2023年上半年英语专四真题试卷（含答案），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。（点击对应目录可以直接查阅哦！）
| 【1】上半年英语专四真题试卷含答案 | 【4】英语专四考试词汇语法详解 |
| 【2】英语专四考试语法的技巧 | 【5】英语专四语法术语表 |
| 【3】英语之家名师教你暑假背单词 | 【6】英语专业四级语法重点汇总 |
一、找出划线部分读音与众不同的单词。(10分)
( )1. A. big B. sixC. nice D. miss
( )2. A. workB. wall C. whoseD. watch
( )3. A. sorry B. brotherC. some D. does
( )4. A. yesterday B. familyC. day D. Monday
( )5. A. hearB. pear C. ear D. near
( )6. A. map B. stampC. faceD. cat
( )7. A. three B. thoseC. their D. these
( )8. A. foodB. foot C. bookD. good
( )9. A. not B. no C. ink D. ant
( )10.A. names B. apples C. faces D. balls
二、请你按要求完成下列各题。(10分)
（I）
1. shoes(单数)__________
2. bus(复数)__________
3. dont(完全形式) __________
4. me(主格) __________
5. too(同音词) __________
6. he(物主代词) __________
7. 努力工作(译成英语) __________
8. let us(缩写形式) __________
9. short(反义词) __________
10. over there(汉语意思)__________
（II）翻译下面的短语
1. 二瓶果汁___________
2. 到这来___________
3. 在树下___________
4. 双胞胎兄弟___________
5. how much ___________
6. thanks a lot ___________
7. look after ___________
8. put on ___________
9. 在天空中___________
10. 穿红衣服的女孩 ___________
三、根据题意，用所给词的适当形式填空。(10分)
1. Can I have ______(a) orange?
2. She _____(like) to play the flute.
3. He _____(have) got a skipping rope.
4. Please give _____(I) a cup of tea.
5. Lets go _____(shop) with my mother!
6. Da Ming comes from China，he is _____(China).
7. How many _____(hour) are there in a day?
8. Lucy _____(look) like her father.
9. "Here you are. ""_____(thank)."
10. She ______(watch) TV every evening.
四、根据提供的情景，选择正确的句子，将其标号填在题前的括号内。(8分)
A. Lets go to the zoo.B. Can you spell "window"?
C. Good evening， Dad. D. Good night.
E. This is Mr Zhang. F. Look at the new car.
G. Come and sit here.H. Its my favourite colour.
( )1. 傍晚见到父亲说：___________
( )2. 你想说这是我最喜欢的颜色：________
( )3. 你想叫人拼写窗户这个单词，可以说：_________
( )4. 你叫汤姆过来坐，可以说：________
( )5. 你想请别人欣赏这辆红色法拉利小轿车，可以说：_______
( )6. 想邀请别人一起去动物园，可以说：________
( )7. 睡前对母亲说晚安，应表达为：________
( )8. 你向Helen介绍一下张老师，应该说：______
五、选择填空。(30分)
( )1. Whats this in English? _____ a jeep.
A. This is
B. Thats
C. Its
D. it is
( )2. Wheres the bag?
A. Its in the car.
B. They are here.
C. There are.
D. Here are.
()3. Whats that man?
A. Hes my brother.
B. Yes，he is.
C. Shes a teacher.
D. Hes a teacher.
()4. Its _____ my new car.
A. /
B. a
C. is
D. isnt
() 5. ____ a cat.
A. This
B. Thiss
C. This is
D. That
( )6. Look ____ the nice car.
A. to
B. and
C. at
D. in
( )7. Its nine oclock. I must ______.
A. go home
B. go to home
C. to go home
D. go the home
() 8. _____ you see the blackboard?
A. Do
B. Are
C. Is
D. Can
( )9. Please give ____ a cup of tea.
A. she
B. he
C. I
D. him
( ) 10. Its time ____ play games.
A. in
B. on
C. for
D. to
( )11. The man _______ the photo is my father.
A. in
B. on the
C. in the
D. under
( )12. _____ name is Mike.
A. I
B. My
C. Me
D. mine
( )13. Who is the _____? He is my uncle.
A. boy
B. man
C. woman
D. girl
( )14. _____ you like this jacket?
A. Are
B. Do
C. Can
D. What
( )15. ______ is my umbrella? Its over there.
A. Where
B. What
C. Whose
D. how
( )16. Whats that ____ English?
A. for
B. in
C. on
D. under
( )17. Look! The cat is _______.
A. walk
B. run
C. ran
D. running
( ) 18. Whose gloves are they? ____ my _____.
A. Its，mothers
B. Theyre，mothers
C. Theyre，mother
D. Its，mother
( ) 19. The boys are from Tokyo. They are ______.
A. China
B. English
C. Japanese
D. Chinese
( ) 20. There are _____ on the table.
A. two bottles of milk
B. two bottles milk
C. two bottles of milks
D. two bottle of milk
( )21. "Can I help you?""Id like ______ bags of rice. "
A. some
B. a
C. little
D. one
( )22. "What would you like?""Id like _____ to eat."
A. something
B. apple
C. meat
D. some orange
()23. Look! Some meat ____ in the box. Some apples _____ in the basket.
A. are，are
B. is，is
C. are，is
D. is，are
( )24. I would like ________.
A. some banana
B. eat some bananas
C. some bananas eat
D. some bananas
()25. Please give me two bottles of _______.
A. milk
B. waters
C. milks
D. oranges
()26. Well，would you like _____ to drink?
A. some thing
B. anything
C. some things
D. something
( )27. ____ would you like _____ breakfast?
A. What，with
B. What，for
C. What，at
D. How，for
()28. I want some
A. meats
B. waters
C. cakes
D. breads
( )29. What about __________?
A. something to eat
B. to eat something
C. something eat
D. eat something
( )30. "Do you want _____ orange?""No，Id like _____ bottle of orange."
A. a，an
B. an，an
C. the，an
D. an，a
六、从Ⅱ栏中选出能对Ⅰ栏中的句子做出正确反应的应答语。(18分)
（I）
( )1. Dont be late again.A. A new watch.
( )2. May I have a cup of tea?B. Me，too.
( )3. I like the red fan. C. I see.
( )4. Whats that on the desk?D. Sure.
( )5. Wheres Dad? E. Perhaps hes in the study.
( )6. Shall we go to the zoo by bike? F. Its Bobs，I think.
( )7. Whose kite is this?G. Good idea.
( )8. Can I have a look at your dress?H. Yes. Here you are.
（II）
( )1. Could you help me， please?A. OK.
( )2. Thanks a lot. B. Youre welcome.
( )3. Lets put the books in the box.C. Its Monday.
( )4. Can you carry it? D. No，its full.
( )5. Whos on duty today? E. lam.
( )6. Is it empty? F. No，its light.
( )7. What day is it today?G. Certainly.
( )8. Is that bag heavy? H. No. Li Lei isnt here.
( )9. Are we all here today? I. No，thanks.
( )10. Let me help you.J. Yes，I can.
七、在下列各句A、B或C中找出与划线部分意义相近的词或句子。（14分）
( ) 1. Wang Hai does well in English.
A. likes
B. is good at
C. is writing
( )2. Id like some melons.
A. I want
B. I like
C. I need
( )3. Let me see.
A. look at
B. watch
C. think over
( ) 4. How does she go there?
A. get up
B. do
C. get
( )5. We have three lessons this afternoon.
A. texts
B. glasses
C. classes
( )6. Well go and get some bananas.
A. sell
B. want
C. buy
( )7. A: Its hot inside. Please open the window.
B: Pardon?
A. Please say it again.
B. Im sorry.
C. All right.
( )8. Where are you from? Im from China.
A. Im from Chinese.
B. Im Chinese.
C. Im in China.
( )9. Tom! This is my uncle.
A. my fathers brother.
B. my mothers sister.
C. my fathers sister.
( ) 10. Whats the time? Its a quarter to one.
A. 1:15
B. 1:45
C. 12:45
( )11. Whats the weather like in Shanghai?
A. Whats the weather in Shanghai?
B. How is the weather like in Shanghai?
C. How is the weather in Shanghai?
( )12. Can I play the video games now? Im afraid you cant.
A. Youre welcome.
B. Thats OK.
C. Please dont.
( )13. Were going to the cinema.
A. Were going to do it.
B. Were walking in the cinema，
C. Were going to see a film.
( )14. Our teacher walks to school on foot every day.
A. Our teacher goes to school on foot every day.
B. Our teacher works every day.
C. Our teacher likes walking every day.
八、连词成句，注意大小写和标点符号。(10分)
1. things，in，are，the，now，the，car
____________________________________________
2. you，what，wrong，is，with
____________________________________________
3. you，let，help，me
____________________________________________
4. is，the，what，weather，today，like
____________________________________________
5. you，me，please，could，help
____________________________________________
6. are，what，they，colour
____________________________________________
7. many，minutes，hour，there，how，are，in，an
____________________________________________
8. him，give，please，water，a，of，bottle
____________________________________________
9. to，I，put，the，ball，in，the，box，want
____________________________________________
10. fox，wolf，friends，and，are
___________________________________________
九、选择正确答案。(10分)
Jack is a teacher of English. He is not young，but he is not old. He has a round face and black hair. He is tall. There are fifty students in his class. They all like him.
Now its in the afternoon. Look，some students are working in the classroom. Jack is there，too. He is helping them to study English. He is a good teacher，and he is a good friend of them all.
( )1. What does Jack do?
A. He is a worker.
B. He is a teacher.
C. He is a doctor.
D. Hes a nurse.
( )2. What colour is his hair?
A. Its black.
B. His heir is white.
C. It is brown.
D. He has yellow hair.
( )3. How many students are there in his class?
A. There are fifteen students in his class.
B. Theres fifty.
C. He has fifty.
D. Therere fifty in it.
( )4. Jack is a good teacher，isnt he?
A. Yes，he isnt.
B. No，he is.
C. Yes，hes.
D. Yes，he is.
( )5. What are the students doing in the classroom?
A. They are walking there.
B. They are doing their lessons.
C. They are helping their teacher.
D. They are good friends of Jack.
答案：
一．
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. C
二．
（I）
1. shoe
2. buses
3. do not
4. I
5. two
6. his
7. work hard
8. lets
9. long/tall
10. 在那边
（II）
1．two bottles of juice
2．come here
3．under the tree
4．twin brothers
5．多少
6．多谢
7．照看
8．穿上
9．in the sky
10．the girl in red
三．
1. an 元音开头的词前要用冠词an。
2. likes she为单数第三人称所以动词要用单数和第三人称形式。
3. has he为第三人称单数，动词要用单数第三人称形式，have变成has。
4. me动词give后要用宾格形式。
5. shopping go shopping为固定短语。
6. Chinese 此处Chinese译为"中国人"。
7. hours How many后要加复数名词。
8. looks Lucy作语语，为第三人称单数，所以动词也用单数第三人称形式。
9. Thanks 惯用法。
10. watches she 为第三人称单词，动词watch也用单数第三人称形式，以ch结尾的词加es.
四．
1.C
2. H
3. B
4. G
5. F
6. A
7. D
8. E
五．
1. C由于是单数，回答时用Its。不选择A是因为Whats this in English的回答用It is…而不用This is…
2. B单数回答用B。
3. D此句问的不是"那个男人是谁"而是问"那个男人是干什么的"所以选D。
4. A此处，物主代词前不能用冠词。
5. Cthis is不能缩写。
6. Clook at为常用短语，"表示看……"。
7. A情态动词后要用动词原形，go home为固定短语。
8. D此处用情态动词can 更准确。
9. D动词give后要用宾格形式。
10. D Its time to+动词原形为习惯用法。
11. A 在照片上用in.
12. B 此处要用形容词性物主代词。
13. B 根据回答中的uncle，故用B。
14. B 句中like为动词，所以用Do提问。
15. A 根据回答得知问"伞在哪？"，所以要选A。
16. B in English为固定用法，in为用的意思。
17. D is与现在分词搭配，组成进行时。
18. B gloves为复数，所以要用they are；所有格要在名词后加s。
19. C Tokyo为东京，在日本，所以选择C。
20. A there are后要加复数形式，milk为不可数名词，所以要选A。
21．A bags为复数。所以选择some。
22．A something为不定代词，用在此处，意为"想吃点什么"。
23．D meat为不可数名词，apple为可数名词，所以用D。
24．D I would like意为"我想要，想吃……"。后直接加名词。
25．A milk为不可数名词。
26．D something为不定代词，something to drink意为"喝点什么"。这时是想得到肯定回答，所以不用anything。
27．B breakfast为早饭。
28．C cake在此为可数名词，可变复数。
29．A 习惯用法。
30．D orange意为橘子，元音开头要用an。
六．
（I）1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. E 6. G 7. F 8. H
（II）1. G 2. B 3. A 4. J 5. E
6. D
7. C
8. F
9. H
10. I
七．
1. B does well in为"学得好"的意思。
2. A Id like 意为"我想要/我想吃"。
3. C see在此为"想一想"的意思。
4. C go 在此表示去那儿/到那儿，get有"到达"之意。
5. C lessons意为课程、课，故选classes。
6. C get在此为买的意思。
7. A Pardon?口语中意为没听清，"再说一遍。"
8. B from China意为来自中国，故选B。
9. A uncle为"叔叔"。
10. Ca quarter为"一刻钟"，故选C。
11. CHow为副词，不能与like(介词)连用。
12. CIm afraid you cant 意为"恐怕不行"，为否定。
13. Cgo to the cinema意为"去看电影"。
14. A去上班还可用go
八．
1．The things are in the car now．
2．Whats wrong with you?
3．Let me help you．
4．What is the weather like today?
5．Could you help me，please?
6．What colour are they?
7．How many minutes are there in an hour?
8．Please give him a bottle of water．
9．I want to put the ball in the box．
10．Fox and wolf are friends．
九．
1．B 见文中第一句。Jack是一位英语老师。
2．A 见文中第三句。他圆圆的脸，黑色头发。
3．D 见文中第四句。我们班有五十五名学生。
4．D 见文中最后两句。他是一位好老师，还是大家的好朋友。
5．B 见第二段第二句。有些同学在班级里做功课。
英语选择题习题包含答案
1.The firemen managed to _____ the fire in time.
A. extinguish B. prevent C. suppress D. ruin
2. What is most obvious in this book are all those details of daily living which make Mrs. Richard _____ common.
A. nothing but B. anything but C. above all D.rather than
3.The car was completely _____ and the driver seriously injured.
A. broken off B. taken off C. written off D. picked up
4. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes from the _____ of maturity.
A. fulfillment B. achievement
C. establishment D. accomplishment
5.The number of tickets _____ will be determined by the size of the stadium.
A. adaptable B. acceptable C. advisable D. available
6.Too many hotels have been built and this has _____ prices, making holidays cheaper.
A. cut short B. cut out C. cut off D. cut down
1.[答案] A. extinguish.
[注释] extinguish (=put out) vt. 扑灭 (火焰等) 。Stop the fire虽然也可以搭配, 但按本句题意用extinguish为最佳。
2.[答案] B. anything but.
[注释] anything but (=far from being) 根本不; The boys knew they bad broken the rules, and they were anything but happy when they were called to the office. (=They were unhappy and afraid.) nothing but 只不过; Dont have him for a friend; hes nothing but a criminal. (不要把他当朋友, 他只不过是个罪犯。) I have nothing but two dollars. (我只有2美元。) above all最重要的。rather than 而不是
3.[答案] C. written off.
[注释] write off报废
4.[答案] B. achievement
[注释]achievement 取得, 达到, 成就。
fulfilment 履行, 实行。如：He was willing to face any hardship in fulfilment of his duties. (他愿意迎向困难去履行他得职责。)
establishment 建立,建设。
Accomplishment (顺利) 完成：It was a great accomplishment to finish the house cleaning in two days. (两天内打扫完这栋屋子是件很了不起的事。)
5.[答案] D. available.
[注释] available. 可用的, 有效的, 可得到的。例如：1) There are no doctors available in the remote areas. (在边远地区没有大夫。)
acceptable 可以接受的：None of the suggestions was acceptable. advisable 明智的, 可取的, 适当的：I think it advisable that he be assigned to the job. (我认为指派他干这项工作是可取的。)
adaptable 能适应的：He is an adaptable man and will soon learn the new work.
6.[答案] D. cut down.
[注释] cur short 缩短；打断；缩减. cut out切断，删去. cut off切断（供水供电等），中断。cut down 削减，砍倒。
一 、代数 名词 数词
1 在使用两个以上的人称代词时 顺序是:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称
2 everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以
3 以名词/动名词+介词（短语）/形容词/副词/动词不定式构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数 直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数 以man 或者woman+名词构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数 以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式 如：homework
4 物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示各种不同品种时 几乎都可做可数名词 如：different teas
5 当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示某一种或某一方面的抽象概念时 其前可加a/an
6 名词所有格要点：必须用s的场合
1）s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后
2）作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加s
3）人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加s
4）当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物 如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略
5）复合名词在最后一个词后加s
6）当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用s
7 当用来表示类别或属性时，要用s childrens shoes 儿童鞋 ， 必须用of的场合
1）名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时
2）以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时
如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式 如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of
8 表示顺序的两种方式：
1）名词+基数词，不用冠词，如Chapter four
2） the+序数词+名词 如the Fourth Chapter
9 倍数增减的表示法
1） 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than
2） 倍数+as+形容词/副词+as
3） 倍数+名词
4） 动词+百分比或倍数
5） 动词+to+数词
6） double/triple/quadruple+名词
7） 动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数
10 分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词 分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数
11 百分比后接名词时加of
二、形容词 副词
1）前置修饰语的排列顺序
可以至于冠词前的形容词（all both such） ——冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词（a an the this your his any some）——基数词（one ） 序数词（first）—— 表示性质，状态，质量的形容词（good useful）——表示大小，长短，形状的形容词——表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词——表示颜色的形容词——表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词——表示材料，用做形容词的名词——动名词，分词
2）后置修饰语 由前缀a-构成的形容词
3）形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置
4）enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置
5）有些形容词本身就有比……年长，比…… 优等的意思 这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than
6）much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词
7）more 不能用来修饰比较级
8）与名词连用的more of a ……/as much of a……/more of a……意为更像……
9）as much of a……意为称得上，less of a 意为算不上
10）none other than（不是别人，正是）=no other than
11）any/sone/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数
三、情态动词
1）can 用于否定句cannot（help）but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）
2）must 表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustnt 当它表示有把握的推断时 意为一定 准是时 它的否定形式为cant
3）need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味
4）need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事 （经常考）
四 、虚拟语气
从句 主句
1）与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should（第一人称）would（其它人称）+have+过去分词
与现在事实相反 一般过去式（动词be用were） would/should/could/might+动词原型
与将来事实相反 过去式或should/were+动原 would/should/could/might+动词原型
2）It is （high/about/the）time……谓语动词用过去式 指现在或将来的情况 表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了
3）It is the first（second/third）time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验
4）as if/though 的虚拟要点
1）对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were
2）对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式
3）对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型
Acid- [5AsId]酸的，尖酸的（ac=ang-尖角）
Acute [E5kju:t]敏锐的，[医]急性的，剧烈（ac=ang-尖角）
admire[Ed5maiE]赞美、钦佩、羡慕（mir-神奇）
adolescence[9AdEJ`lesEns]青春期（ado=adult）
adolescent[7AdEu5lesnt]青春期的（ado=adult）
adult[E5dQlt, 5AdQlt]成人，成年人（ult=old）
angle角度[∧] （A-尖锐）
architect[5B:kitekt]建筑师（arch=ang）
architecture[5B:kitektFE]建筑，建筑学（arch=ang）
ashore [E5FC:]在岸上（shore=share-切、分）
aspect[5Aspekt]外貌、问题的一个方面（spect-看）
cattle家畜，牛（cat=catch-捕捉）
chant[tFB:nt]圣歌，圣诗（ch-唱、吵）
chaos[5 keiCs]混乱，混沌（ch-唱、吵）
cheer欢呼（ch-唱、吵）
child[tFaild]儿童（ch-唱、吵）
chorus[5kC:rEs]合唱团，合唱队（ch-唱、吵）
church[tFE:tF]教堂（ch-唱、吵）
committee[kE5miti]委员会，全体委员（mit=miss-投、扔）
compensate [5kCmpEnseit]赔偿（pens-钱）
conspicuous[kEn5spikjuEs]有目共睹的（spic-看）
convict [5kCnvikt]证明...有罪，宣告...有罪（vict-胜利）
convince [kEn5vins]使确信（vin=win-胜利）
depict[di5pikt]描述，描绘（pict-画）
despite[dis5pait]蔑视、不管（spite-看）
detect[di5tekt]发现，察觉（tect=top）
detective[di5tektiv]发现的，侦探的；侦探（tect=top）
dictate[dik5teit]独裁，听写测试（dict-说）
disparage [dis5pAridV]歧视、贬损（par=peer-看）
echo[5ekEu]回声，回音（ch-唱、吵）
execute[5eksikju:t]处死、执行、实行（ec=sect-切）
expensive [iks5pensiv]昂贵的（pens-钱）
female[5fi:meil]女性（f=v-女性）
fence[fens]击剑，栅栏（f-剑）
fiction[5fikFEn]小说，虚构（fict-做）
figure[5fi^E]外形，轮廓，体形，图形；描绘，塑造；数字（fig=finger-手指）
harsh [hB:F]粗糙的、刺耳、刺目的（har=hair）
infant[5infEnt]婴儿；婴儿的（f-说）
inject[in5dVekt]注射（j-投、射）
inspect[in5spekt]检查、视察（spect-看）
intermittent[7intE(:)5mitEnt]间歇性的，断断续续（mit=miss-投、放）
intersection[7intE(:)5sekFEn]交集、十字路口（sect-切）
jail[dVeil]监狱（j-投）
junior[5dVu:njE]年少的（june-六月）
kettle[5ketl]壶（ket=kiss-嘴）
kid[kid]小孩（变化自child）
magnitude[5mA^nitju:d]众多，大量（mag=maj-大）
major[5meidVE]主要的，主修的；主修课（maj-大、多）
mall[mC:l]商场（m-merc-商业）
marine[mE5ri:n]海；海的，海洋的（mar-海洋）
marsh [mB:F]n.沼泽地，湿地（mar-海洋）
masculine[5mB:skjulin]男子汉；男子气概的（masc=musc-肌肉）
merchant[5mE:tFEnt]商人（merch=merc-商业）
miracle[5mirEkl]奇迹、奇事（mir-神奇）
mirage[5mirB:V]海市蜃楼、雾像（mir-神奇）
mirror[5mirE]镜子（mir-神奇）
missile[5misail, -sEl]发射的，投射的；导弹（miss-投、射）
mission[5miFEn]使团（miss-投、射）
muscle[5mQsl]肌肉（musc=mouse）
object[5CbdVikt]物体，客体，目标（ject-投、射）
objective[Eb5dVektiv]客体的，客观的（ject-投、射）
obscure[Eb5skjuE]暗的，朦胧的，模糊的，晦涩的（sc-看）
penny便士（p-板）
pension [5penFEn]养老金（pens-钱）
picture[5piktFE]图画（pict-图画）
pigment [5pi^mEnt]颜料，染料（pig-图画）
predict[pri5dikt]预言，预测（dict-说）
project[5prCdVekt]投影；项目，方案（ject-投、射）
purchase[5pE:tFEs]买，购买（purch-购、p-钱）
rail[reil]铁轨（r-road）
respect[ris5pekt]尊敬、重视（spect-看）
respectable [ris5pektEbl]可敬的，值得尊敬的（spect-看）
respectful [ris5pektful]恭敬的（样子）（spect-看）
respective [ris5pektiv]分别的，各自的（respect-尊敬、尊重）
reticent[5retisEnt]沉默不语的，心照不宣的（tic-说）
scene[si:n]风景，一场戏（sc-看）
scenery[5si:nEri]风景，景色（总称）（sc-看）
section[5sekFEn]部分（sect-切、分）
segment[5se^mEnt]段、节（seg=sect-切分）
shave剃、刮；刮脸（sh=s-切）
shear修剪（sh=s-切）
shore [FC:]岸、滨（shore=share-切、分）
smattering[5smAtErIN]略知，少数（sm-小）
smog[smC^]雾（sm-小）
smother[5smQTE]死,窒息而亡（smo=smoke）
spark[spB:k]火花（sp=喷）
spectacle[5spektEkl]景观、眼镜（spect-看）
spill[spil]溢出，溅出（sp-喷）
subject[5sQbdVikt]题目，主题，科目；受制于，使隶属于（ject-投、射）
subjective[sQb5dVektiv]主观的（ject-投、射）
submarine[5sQbmEri:n]潜水的、水下的（mar-海洋）
submit[sEb5mit]呈交，投降（mit-投、递交）
suspicious[sEs5piFEs]怀疑的（spic-看）
victim[5viktim]牺牲品（vict-胜利）
victor[5viktE]胜利者（vict-胜利）
victory[5viktEri]成功，胜利（vict-胜利）
advertise [5AdvEtaIz] 做广告（vert-旋转）
agriculture农业（agri=acre-亩、田地）
angle [5AN^l] 角度（ang-Ang-词根：角度）
assassinate [E5sAsineit] v.暗杀，行刺（sass-切、杀）
assassination [E7sAsi5neiFEn]n.暗杀（sass-切、杀）
bench [bentF]板凳（b-板子）
campus [5kAmpEs]校园（camp-土地、田野）
camp词跟：田野（c=g）
colony [5kClEni]殖民地（col=cult-种植）
conservation [7kCnsE(:)5veiFEn]保存、保全、守恒（serve=save-保存、保全）
conversation对话（verse-旋转）
cult词跟：培养、种植（c=g）
dictate [dik5teit]独裁，使…听写（dict-说）
define[di5fain]下定义（fin-终、限）
definite [5definit]明确的，一定的（fin-终、限）
definitely[5definitli]明确地，干脆地（fin-终、限）
democracy民主（acy-名词后缀）（demo-人民 cr-叫）
demonstrate游行，示威，示范（demo-人民 strate=street）
drench [drentF]湿透（dr-drop）
expedition [7ekspi5diFEn]远足、探险（ped-足）
faint[feint]晕倒（f-落下、倒下）
fall落下
fatigue[fE5ti:^]疲劳、疲惫（fat=faint-落下、倒下）
feeble[5fi:bl]虚弱的，无力的（f-落下、倒下）
fence [fens] 击剑、篱笆（）
fiction[5fikFEn]小说，虚构（fict-做）
final-最后的（fin-终、限）
fine-词根：终止、限定、完成（f-落下）
finish [5finiF] 完成（fin-终、限）
finite[5fainait]有限的，有穷的（fin-终、限）
fountain [5fauntin]泉水（f-落下）
French [frentF] 法国人
generate [5dVenE7reit]生产、产生（gen-生）
genius [5dVi:njEs]天才（gen-生）
geometry [[dVi5Cmitri]几何学（geo-土地）
hole [hEul]洞(h-大)
infinite[5infinit]无限的，无穷的（fin-终、限）
kiss[kis]接吻（k-嘴）
lamp-台灯（l-光线）
naive [nB:5i:v]天真的，幼稚的（na-生）
nation [5neiFEn] 国家（nat-生）
page [peidV] 一张
paint [peint]油漆、涂料；描绘、绘画（p-图画、图片）
panda [5pAndE]熊猫（pand-膨胀）
panel [5pAnl] 仪表盘、面板（pan-盘子）
picture[5piktFE]图画，图片（pict-画）
police [pE5li:s]警察（pole-棒子）
policy [5pClisi] 政策、方针（pole-棒子）
pregnancy[5pre^nEnsi]怀孕（gen-gn-生）
pregnant[5pre^nEnt]怀孕的（gen-gn-生）
preserve [pri5zE:v]保鲜、保藏（serve=save-保留）
real[5ri:El]真的
rect 词根：直
rectify [5rektifai]纠正（rect 词根：直）
renaissance[rE5neisEns]复兴，文艺复兴（na=nat-生）
reserve [ri5zE:v]预备、保留（serve=save-保留）
revise修订（vise-看、见）
right[rait]正确的
saint [seint]圣人；神圣、圣明的（s-看、见）
salary [5sAlEri] 薪水（ary-名词后缀）
save [seiv]解救、节省、保留
scar [skB:]刀疤（sc-切、砍）
scissor[5sizE]剪刀，刀（sc-切、砍）
servant [5sE:vEnt] 奴仆（ant-名词后缀）
sole [sEul]唯一的
sophist [5sCfist]诡辩家、博学者（soph-智慧）
sophisticated [sE5fistikeitid]老于世故的，精密的（soph-智慧）
sophomore [5sCfEmC:]大二学生，有两年以上经验的人（soph-智慧）
soph-词根：智慧（s-看、见）
stamp-顿足、跺脚，盖邮戳，邮票（st-站）
story[5stC:ri] 故事 （st-站着，停留，陈旧的）
student [5stju:dEnt] 学生
tailor[5teilE] 裁缝（tail-词根：尾巴，剪刀）
teacher [5ti:tFE] 教师
tedious [5ti:diEs]冗长的，乏味的（ted=tend-延伸）
tedium [5ti:diEm, -djEm]冗长，乏味（ted=tend-延伸）
tendency [5tendEnsi] 趋势、趋向（tend-延伸）
trench [trentF]沟渠（tr=through）
victor[5viktE]胜利（vict-胜利）
vise看（v-象形）
vision视觉（vise-看、见）
visit参观（vise-看、见）
wench村姑、通奸（w-女性）
wheel[wi:l, hw-]车轮（象声词）
whirl [(h)wE:l] (使)旋转，急转（象声词）
willow [5wilEu]柳树（w-摆动）
wise明智的、英明的（vise-看、见）
wrap[rAp]缠，裹（wr-手腕、拧）
wrench [rentF]猛拧、挣脱（wr-手腕、拧）
wrist [rist]手腕（wr-手腕）
write[rait]写（wr-手腕）
wrong错
定语从句中关系代词：that的用法
1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。例如：
They are talking about the people and countries that they hadvisited.
2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如：
He is the best student that I have ever met.
3)在以“It is……”,“It was……”等开头的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中。如：
What is it that he wants?
4)在only, all, little的后面
This is all that I know.
5)在no, every, some和any等词后面，也包括在它们的复合词在内。如：
There is no person that is always in the right.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
近义词辨析
beautiful, good looking, handsome, lovely, pretty
这组词均含有“美丽”、“漂亮”、“可爱”的意思。
beautiful
指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐，而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦，在同类词中层次最高。
She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。
good lookingl
不如handsome, pretty意思强烈，指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。
That good looking young manvisited the house once or twice a week.那个长相不错的年轻人一星期光顾一两次。
handsome
通常是一种客观的不带感情色彩的评价。一个人如被形容为handsome,是指此人外貌符合观察者的要求，但不激发更深层的感受。
He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西装显得非常英俊。
lovely
比感官的快乐更进一步，是强调纯粹情感上的愉悦，指觉得某人或某物“可爱”。
Mary has two lovely daughters.玛丽有两个可爱的女儿。
pretty
〖FK(F+18mm.102mmZQ也是“漂亮、可爱”的意思。很少形容大而有影响力的事物，多形容事物不以其优秀、完美而以小巧、优雅、精致见长，使人容易接受并喜爱。
Her boyfriendbelieves that she is the prettiest girl in the town.她男朋友觉得她是镇上最漂亮的女孩。
名词: noun
个体名词: individual noun
集体名词: collective noun
物质名词: material noun
抽象名词: abstract noun
可数名词: countable noun
不可数名词: uncountable noun
动词: verb
动态动词: dynamic verb
静态动词: stative verb
情态动词: modal verb
助动词: auxiliary
非谓语动词: non-finite verbs
(分词, participle; 不定式, infinitive; 动名词, gerund)
代词: pronoun
人称代词: personal pronoun
物主代词: possessive pronoun
反身代词: reflexive pronoun
指示代词: demonstrative pronoun
关系代词: relative pronoun
不定代词: indefinite pronoun
形容词: adjective
副词: adverb
冠词: article
连词: conjunction
介词: preposition
感叹词: interjection
限定词: determiner
数词: numeral
短语: phrase
不定式短语: infinitive phrase
动名词短语: gerundialphrase
分词短语: participial phrase
主语: subject
谓语: predicate
主谓一致: subject-verb agreement
宾语:object
补语: complement
定语: attribute
状语: adverbial
同位语: appositive
主语从句: subject clause
表语从句: predicative clause
宾语从句: object clause
定语从句: attributive clause
先行词: antecedent
限制性定语从句: restrictive attributive clause
非限制性定语从句: non-restrictive attributive clause
状语从句: adverbial clause
陈述句: Declarative sentence
疑问句: interrogative sentence
祈使句: imperative sentence
感叹句: exclamatory sentence
时态(各种时态): tense
语态: voice
主动语态: active voice
被动语态: passive voice
虚拟语气: subjunctive mood
反义疑问句: tag question
倒装: inversion
部分倒装: partial inversion
省略: ellipsis
一、非谓语动词的主要考点
1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下：
mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）
propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）
forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）
go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）
stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔
2.不定式的习惯用法
典型句型整理如下：
如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事”
如：“cannot but do”—— “不禁做某事”
如：“cannot choose but do”—— “不由自主地做某事”
如：“can do nothing but do”—— “不能不做某事”
如：“have no choice but to do”—— “只能做某事”
如：“have no alternative but to do”—— “只能做某事”
例句：The boycannot help butbegreatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor.
WhenIstart my job career, Icannot choose butlook back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.
3.动名词的习惯用法
典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下：
如：be busy/active doing sth.
如：It’s no good/use doing sth.
如：spend/waste time doing sth.
如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
例句：
There is no use cryingover spilt milk.（典型例句）
牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受
I reallyhave problem solvingthese mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.
二、形容词与副词及其比较级
1.形容词的句法功能
形容词通常在句子中用做定语、表语与主语的语法成分，通常考到的知识点总结如下：
(1) 以“a” 开头的形容词
如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定语，通常是做表语或后置定语的
例句：Jerry didn’t pass the important final exam, pleaselethimalonefor the time being.
Michael came back from job just now,andhis eyes were shut and he seemed to havefallen asleep.
(2) 某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词其实是形容词，不能看错是副词，例如“friendly”、“leisurely”、“lovely”等
(3) 下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语
这些典型单词罗列如下：
“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“look”等
例句：The situationremainstensebetween the two countries at this juncture.在这个节骨眼上，两国形势仍然持续紧张。
There is strong possibility that sucha style of mutualcooperation willprove unworkable. 这种合作模式大有可能行不通。
2. 某些词虽然不用比较级形式却自身带有比较概念
这些典型词汇总结如下：
“inferior”、“minor”、“senior”、“prior”、“prefer to”、“superior”、“major”、“junior”、“preferable”、“differ from”、“compared with”、“in comparison with”、“different from”、“rather than”等
例句：After visiting at weekends, I think their villa issuperiorto all the other villas in the countryside.
3. 有关比较级的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as… 与其说…还不如说…
例句：The major reason for hissuicideisn’t so muchhis negative emotionsashisincapacity to take care of himself.
(2)no/not any more…than… 两者一样都不…
例句：It is well acknowledged by the public that the heart isno any moreintelligentthanthe stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain altogether.
(3)no /not any less…than… 两者一样都…
例句：I was good at almost all subjects when I was in the junior high school, and particularly speaking, mathematics wasno any lessgoodthanphysics at that time.
(4)just as…so… 正如…，…也…（会使用到倒装结构）
例如：Just aschocolate is a part of my favorite food,sois the ice cream.
三、虚拟语气
简明概述：虚拟语气是指说话人讲话的内容与现实或事实相反，是一种主观假想的情况。
时态：可表示过去、现在和将来，特征是时态相应退后。
1. 与现在事实相反的主观假设：
条件从句：一般现在时 改为 一般过去时 注：be动词一律改为were
主句：should/would/could/might + 动词原形
例句：
If therewerean English dictionary, wecouldconsult it for this difficult word.
If my bigger brotherwerehere, hewoulddo us a favor to move the heavy box.
2. 与过去事实相反的主观假设：
条件从句：一般过去时 改为 过去完成时
主句：should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词
例句：
If hehadstudiedmore diligently, hewould have passedthe exam undoubtedly.
If my favorite teacherhad been hereyesterday,Iwould have paidmore attention to the lesson.
If the childhad beenmore careful, hewould not have madesuch a foolish mistake.
3. 与将来事实相反的主观假设：
条件从句：
一般过去时
注：be动词一律改为were
were + to do sth
should + 动词原形
主句：should/would/could/might + 动词原形
例句：
If youmadegreat progress in the near future, youshouldnot forget your teachers.
If youwere tomake great progress in the near future, youshouldnot forget your teachers.
If youshouldmake great progress in the near future, youshouldbe grateful to your teachers.
混合条件句：
主句和条件从句所发生的时间点不一致，这个时候就需要根据各自的时态进行倒退来做相应修改。
例句：
If youhad finishedyour homework by yourself yesterday（过去）, youwould notcopy other’s answers in a hurry（现在）.
If youhad askedyour mother how to cook last week（过去）, youwouldknow clearly each cooking step of the dish（现在）.
虚拟语气的倒装
如果从句中有were，should，had，则需要倒装。
倒装方法：将if省略，再把were，should，had挪到从句的句首。
注：如果从句中没有were，should，had，则不能省略if，也不可倒装。
例句：
原句：If mybiggerbrotherwerehere, he wouldhelp usto move the heavy box.
倒装：Weremybiggerbrother here, he wouldhelp usto move the heavy box.
原句：If the childhadbeen more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.
倒装：Hadthe child been more careful, he would not have made such a foolish mistake.
原句：If youshouldmake great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.
倒装：Shouldyou make great progress in the near future, you should be grateful to your teachers.
虚拟语气词：should
很简单，三种形式
（1）It is suggested/requested/ordered, etc.（具有命令，建议，要求等口吻的动词过去分词） + that sb should （should可省略） do （动词原形） sth.
注：这类动词还可以有其他三种从句形式来代替。
例如：
原句：
It is suggested that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
宾语从句：
I suggest that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
表语从句：
My suggestion is that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
同位语从句：
Iprovided a suggestion that students (should) use dictionary in exam.
（2）It is necessary/important/indispensable, etc. （带有主观色彩的形容词）+ that sb (should) do sth.
（3）It is a pity/a shame, etc. （名词性词组）+ that sb (should) do sth.
虚拟语气特殊句型：
It is high （high可省略） time that…该是……的时候了
“that…”从句动词可以用
（1）过去时
（2）should（不能省略）+ 动词原形
例句：
It is (high) time that weshoulddraw up a contract.
It is (high) time that we drew up acontract.（草拟合同）
含蓄虚拟语气
除了常规的连词if以外，还可以借助其他介词、介词词组、句子来引导虚拟语气从句。
1.Without “要是没有……”
例句：Withoutthe rescue of firefighters timely, our lives would not have been saved.
2. But for “要不是……”
例句：But foryour professional help,Icould not have achieved such a big progress inmedical community.
3. Under…“在某种情况下……”
例句：Under such circumstances, the criminal would not have perpetrated acts of violence upon children.
4. With…“有……的前提下”
例句：Withthe data collected one month earlier, we could finish the project more efficiently.
5. In the absence of…“如果没有……”
例句：In the absence oflaw, women would continue to lack their rights to vote ontheirown.
6. Otherwise “否则”
例句：Wedidn’tknow his educationalbackgroundand achievement in this field,otherwisewe would have fired him.
7. If it were not for…“要不是…… （用于现在的情况）”
例句：If it were not forthe brilliant guidance ofthe Communist Party of China, we could not lead a happy life.
8. If it had not been for…“要不是…… （用于过去/已经发生的情况）”
例句：If it had not been formy illness,Iwould have attended this important meeting last Monday.
倒装：Had it not been formy illness,Iwould have attended this important meeting last Monday.
9. as if/as though…“好像…似的”
按照具体的语境，既可以用虚拟语气（表示与实际情况相反、主观臆断）、也可以用陈述语气（表示实现的可能性较大或所说情况即是事实）
例句：
Time can take away our happinessandsadnessas if/thoughitwasendowed with magic power.（与现在事实相反的虚拟语气）
Myteacherhas contributed herself a lotas if/thoughshewasa candle, which lights othersandconsumes itself.（与现在事实相反的虚拟语气）
The studentstudiedindustriouslyas if/thoughhehad never felttiredandexhausted.（与过去事实相反的虚拟语气）
The boy still stays calmas if/thoughhehas knownthe beginning and the endof the matteralready.（就是事实，按实际的时态即可）
四、定语从句
简明概述：定语从句在句中充当定语的角色，修饰句中前面所提到的名/代词。被修饰的名/代词称为先行词。
关系代词 （who, whom, whose, which, that）：
注：没有what
关系代词所代替的主要是人或物的名/代词，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
who, whom, that都可代替人
例句：
Isthe boywho/thatcheated in the examination? (who/that作为从句主语，代替the boy)
He isthe manwhom/thatwe won’t recruit due to his criminal records. (who/that作为从句宾语，代替the man)
whose 可指代人或物
注：如果whose指物的话，也可以用of which来代替。
例句：
Our conversation was stopped bya manwhosehair is blonde.
I lent himthis bookwhosepages curled up due to my constant use.
=I lent himthis bookthe pages of whichcurled up due to my constant use.
which, that 代替事物
例句：
We’ll never forgettheatrocious violencewhich/thatwascommitted byJapanese soldiers.
Isthat fashion show(which/that) you were talking about just now?（作宾语时可省）
关系副词 （when, where, why）：
关系副词分别代替的先行词为时间、地点和原因，在从句中充当状语的角色。
注：when, where, why 也可用“介词 + which”来代替。
例句：
This wasthe momentwhen/at whichthe two sides reached a deadlock againandterminatedtheirnegotiation.
Xi’anis one of the most famous cultural citieswhere/in whichmillions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.
Is thisthe reasonwhy/for whichthere is a severe shortage of funds for ourresearch?
注：that是可以代替关系副词的，即that可取代“when, where, why”和“介词+which”的形式。（在口语中that可省略）
注：介词后面的关系词不能省略，而且that前不能有介词
例句转换：
This wasthe momentthatthe two sides reached a deadlock againandterminatedtheirnegotiation.
Xi’anis one of the most famous cultural citiesthatmillions of worldwide tourists will choose to make a tour.
Is thisthe reasonthatthere is a severe shortage of funds for ourresearch?
限制性/非限制性定语从句
重点概括整理：限制性定语从句先行词是不能省略的，因为省了先行词的话，句子的意思就会变得不完整和不明确，缺少必要的说明解释。而非限制性定语从句是先行词的额外说明，是可以省略的，省了也不会影响句子的意思和整体性，并且与主句之间常用“，”隔开。
比较例句：
This isthe book(which/that)Ibought yesterday. （限制性）
This book,Ibought yesterday, is very inspiring. （非限制性）
通常是非限制性定语从句的情况分析：
Steven Spielberg, (whom)Iadmire very much in Hollywood movie-making field, wonanotherOscar Award this year. （专有名词/人名）
Mybeloved dog, (which)Ibought 5 years ago, has caught a bad cold recently. （有物主代词的时候）
Thisexperiment, which was conducted last weekends, proves to be a big success. （有指示代词的时候）
Her child was always absent-minded in learningandfailed in exams,whichmade herdisappointedonce again. （由which代替整句主句）
关系代词that的特殊用法总结（只能用that的情况）：
先行词既包含人又包含物，只用that，不用which
例句：The volunteers were talking aboutthe nonprofit organization and its staffthatmadean indelible impressionon them.
当不定代词作为先行词（如anyone，anything，nothing，any，everything，something，little，few，much，all等），只用that，不用which
例句：He sharedeverythingwith usthataroused his interest in chemistry at school.
先行词用the only/very 修饰时，只用that，不用which
例句：The girl isthe onlystudentthatwill blush with shyness when talking with boys.
先行词是序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that，不用which
例句：
ThefirstEnglishawardthatIwonwasanEnglishdebate competition held byForeign Languages Instituteat my university.
Thiswasthebusiestperiodthatwe spent last year in project-consultingandresearch industry.
在There be句型中，只用that，不用which
例句：There wasa shipthatpassed through a strait.
五、名词性从句
简明概述：名词性从句在句中相当于名词词组/成分。由于它在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此名词性从句（总称）又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。
引导名词性从句的连接词重点概括如下：
1. 连接词：that, whether, if （只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不作任何成分）
2. 连接代词：what (whatever), who (whoever), whom, whose, which (whichever)
3. 连接副词：when, where, why, how
注：连接代词和连接副词作主语时，也常用it作先行词放在句首作为形式主语。
例句：
Itis doubtfulwhyhis parents are determined sopersistentlyto send the young boy abroad for further study.
Ithas not been decided yetwhowill take the responsibility to negotiate with the government.
注（1）：引导主语从句的连接词不可省略
例句：Thatthe candidate was selected as the Party Chairman made us excited.
注（2）：引导同位语从句的连接词不可省略
例句：We worried aboutthe forecastthatthere would be only a few affordable apartments prepared forblue-collar workersin tier-one cities（一线城市）in the following three years.
注（3）：表示“是否”的时候，只用whether不用if的情况
1.后有“or not”
例句：It is unknown to allwhetherthe new policy can improve the standard of people’s livesor not.
2. 引导表语从句
例句：The keynote iswhetherchildren’s safety can be guaranteed.
3. 引导主语从句并在句首
例句：Whetherthe experiment could be conducted (or not) remained unknown to the students.
4.作介词宾语
例句：The childisfearful ofwhetheranother war will break out at any moment.
六、倒装
简明概述：倒装句由全部倒装和部分倒装组成。全部倒装是把句中的谓语部分全部挪到主语前面，时态通常是一般现在时和一般过去时；部分倒装则是将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词倒装于主语之前。如果谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需要我们帮助补充助动词，如do，does，did，并将它们放在主语的前面。
全部倒装（时态通常是一般现在时和一般过去时）：
A.句中如有副词here, there, now, then, away, hence, thus, etc.位于句首，谓语动词为come, go, be, stand, fall, lie, etc.
典型例句：
Awayran the child.
Therelives a tiger.
Hereis your money.
B. 表示方位/运动方向的副词（如in, out, away, off, up, down, etc.）位于句首，谓语表示运动的动词（如come, go, jump, run, swim, stand, rush, etc.）。
例句：Awayswam a whale.
C.地点状语位于句首
例句：Under the treerested an old lady.
D.There be…句型
例句：
There is（注意主谓一致）a radio, twotelevisionsetsandten chairs in this room.
Therearemany TV programs in prime time（黄金时间段）.
注：全部倒装只有在主语是名词的前提下才能全部倒装，如果主语是人称代词则不能全部倒装。
对比例句：
Awayran the child. Awayheran.
Therelives a tiger. Thereitlives.
部分倒装：
A.句首有否定或半否定的词语（注：如果否定词不在句首，则不需要倒装），Eg:No, Not, None, Nobody, Nowhere, Never, Little, Few, Seldom, Hardly, At no time, In no way, Not until…, Not only…but also…, Hardly…when…, Scarcely…when…, Nosooner…than…, etc.
例句：
Nowherecan you find a place better than your home.
In no waycouldyou destroy theincontrovertibleevidence.
At no timecan a country use force towards a vulnerable group.
NeverhaveIscolded my child even if he has made any mistakes.
重点：Not until…
总结：主句倒装，从句不倒装；否定词不在句首不需倒装
例句对比：
Not untilthat time（名词短语）didIknow why she chose to leave me without any hesitation.
=Ididn’tknow why she chose to leave me without any hesitationuntilthat time.
Not untilthe childmade a full recovery from theheartoperation（从句）did his father go abroad on business.
= The fatherdidn’tgo abroad on businessuntilthe child made a full recovery from the heart operation.
重点：Not only…but also…
1.Not only A but also B，若A和B是名词性短语，则不需要倒装
例句：
Not onlystudentsbut alsoteachersshould keep studying continuouslyandabsorb new knowledge tobroadentheir minds.
2.Not only A but also B，若A和B都是分句的话，则A倒装，B不倒装。
对比例句：
Not onlyshould we reconstruct economy,but alsocreate more positions for the unemployed.
We shouldnot onlyreconstruct economy,but alsocreate more positions for the unemployed.
重点：Hardly…when…; Scarcely…when…; No sooner…than…
对比例句（注意时态：前过完后过去时）：
Hardlyhad Ileft homewhenmy dog barked.
I hadhardlyleft homewhenmy dog barked.
Scarcelyhad we goneoutof the classroomwhenit began to rain.
We hadscarcelygone out of the classroomwhenit began to rain.
No soonerhad the Chairmandeclared the result of thecontestthanthecontestantshivered with excitement.
The Chairman hadno soonerdeclared the result of the contestthanthecontestantshivered with excitement.
B.Only 位于句首要部分倒装
1.Onlyby this means/in this way（短语）can you notice the importance of efficient study methods.
2.Onlyafter making the same mistake twice（从句）will he learn a lesson.（主句部分倒装，从句不倒装）
C.So…that…句型中若so位于句首，则需要部分倒装
例句：
Soangry was the boythathe decided to break off friendly relations with his friends（断绝友谊）.
D.May在表示祝愿的句子中位于句首，要部分倒装
例句：
MayGod bless you!
Maythis transportation handbook help you to travel in Singapore.
E.虚拟语气的倒装
如果从句中有were，should，had，就需要部分倒装。将if省略，再把were，should，had挪到从句的句首。（虚拟语气中已经讲明）
七、主谓一致
简明概述：主谓一致即主语与谓语在语法单复数形式上保持一致。本章节重点罗列了英语专四考试中经常会考到且常出现的几种情况以供大家参考、复习。
以“s”结尾的书名、杂志名、国家名、组织名，虽然字面上是“复数”形式，但其实只能作为一个独立的个/整体。所以作主语时，谓语动词要为单数。
典型例句：
The United Stateshas50 states.
The Forbes（《福布斯》杂志）wasfounded in 1917.
The United Nationshastaken steps toamelioratethis situation.
并列结构作主语
例句对比：
Studyingandworkingareboth indispensableandshould be balanced evenly. （当A和B分别指两个不同概念的时候，谓语要用复数）
The diplomatanduniversity professorhastaught me a lot. （当A和B由and连接，A前有“the”，B前却无定冠词时，两者表示指代的为同一人或事物，谓语需用单数）
就近原则：There be
“There be”中“be”的单复数取决于最靠近它的名词。
比较例句：
Therearetwotables, one chair left in that classroom.
Thereisonechairandtwo tables left in that classroom.
Thereisoneor two thingsI’dlike to share with you now.
就近原则：either…or…; neither…nor…; A or B; 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的单复数由最靠近它的主语决定
对比例句：
Either you orthat boyisto be punished.
Neither that boy noryouareto be punished.
就近原则：not only…but also…
对比例句：
Not only you but alsothat girlwantsthe toy.
Not only you but alsoIamkeen on jazz music.
就近原则：Here…
对比例句：
Hereisone penandtwo drawings on the desk.
Herearetwo drawingsandone pen on the desk.
就近原则：not…but…“不是……而是……”
例句：Not the subject teacher butthecolorfultextbookswhetmy appetite for more study.
谓语单数：none of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单
neither of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单
either of + 可数名词/不可数名词 + V单
注：在口语中有时上述三种情况也可以用V复（但只是在后跟可数名词的时候），但是考点大部分是以考查V单为重点
总结：none of + 可数名词+ V单/复
neither of + 可数名词+ V单/复
either of + 可数名词+ V单/复
例句：None ofriceisto be wasted.
Neither ofthe two hotelsboasts/boasta swimming pool.
Either ofyoutakes/takethe responsibility to clean the oven.
就远原则：with, along with, together with, like, except, but, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, as much as, rather than, etc.
例句：
Her bodyexcept her feethasbeen recovered from the accident.
The two boysrather than that girlweregivingan instrumental performancejust now.
A good attitudetogether with superiorEnglish-speaking skillsleadsto the success of thecompetition.
Experienced health-care professionalsin addition to state-of-the-art facilitiesguaranteethe highqualityof the hospital.
谓语单数：主语由every, each, some, no, any, no one, one, thing等构成的复合代词
例句：
Eachof usenjoysthe fashion show.
He felt thatsomethingstrangewasleaning towards him.
谓语单数：表示距离，金钱，时间，度量的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看做一个整体，因此谓语要用单数形式
例句：
Anothertwo hoursisenough to get fully prepared for the contest.
Twocentimeterswaspermitted for average error of manufacturing this kind of machine in ancient times.
看具体情况而定：如果名词单复数同型，就要根据语境中的实际意义及修饰这些词的词来确定其谓语形式。这些词如：aircraft, species, series, deer, fish, sheep, headquarters, means, etc.
例句：
Manypossiblemeanshavebeen tried to settle the dispute.
Eachaircraftisequipped with the most advanced technology.（根据所修饰的词each来判断）
Sheepareraisedfor their wool and meat.（按语境中的含义）
看具体情况而定：some, all, most, any, half, enough, the rest, the remainder, etc. 和疑问代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever, whichever, etc. 的谓语单复数由其指代的词的含义来决定。
例句：
Whoareshouting there?
Whateverwasthe matter?
Six students went abroad for further education from the key high school, butmostarejunior students.
Rice flour is one of the ingredients to make the cake andmostischeap.
看具体情况而定：集合名词的谓语单复数要根据所代表的含义来决定。这些词有：family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee, army, club, couple, enemy, group, government, jury, party, personnel, staff, team, union, etc. 当它们表示一个整体的概念时，谓语用单数形式；当表示集体中的每一个成员时，谓语则用复数形式。
例句：
Herfamilyarehappy to help others.（她家庭中的每一个成员）
Thejuryismade up of twelve people.（陪审团作为一个整体的概念）
谓语复数：集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry, folk, youth在任何情况下都用复数形式。
例句：
Thepoliceareon the scene（在现场）.
Peopleleada safeandhappy life in Canada due to sound lawandorder.
谓语单数：the number of + 名词复数 + V单
an amount of + 不可数名词 + V单
a quantity of + 不可数名词 + V单
谓语复数：a number of + 名词复数 + V复
amounts of + 不可数名词 + V复
quantities of + 不可数名词 + V复
就近原则：half of, part of, most of, a portion of等词的谓语单复数通常与of后面的名/代词保持一致。
例句：
A portion ofseafoodwasreserved for him.
Most ofteenagerstendto spend money like water.
Part ofher timeisprepared for taking care of her children.
谓语单数：Many a + 名词单数 + V单
例句：
Manya pageof the dictionaryhascurled up from constantandneglectful use.
谓语单数：More than one + 名词单数 + V单
例句：
Thereismore thanone oil-producing countrythreatening to cut off supplies to Japan.
More thanone chapterisbrought to our attention when it comes to Africanliterature.
谓语复数：以“s”结尾表示群岛，瀑布，山脉等专有名词的谓语要用复数形式。
例句：
The Alps（阿尔卑斯山脉）providea perfect scenery.
谓语复数：在表示姓氏的专有名词前加the，词尾加-s，表示一家人时，谓语要用复数
例句：
The Smithsarevery nice and will take care of my dog whenIspend my holidays in foreign countries.
谓语单数：以“-ics”结尾的表示学科或疾病的名词作主语时，谓语要用单数。这些词如：linguistics, politics, mathematics,statistics, optics, economics, physics, electronics, acoustics, mumps（腮腺炎）, measles（麻疹）, etc.
注：如果这些名词表示的是具体的观点、数据、实践活动或性能现象时，谓语要用复数。
对比例句：
Measlesisknown asan infectious illness.
Politicsisa subject.（政治学）
Hispoliticspoint outthat he will have to use force inthe worst-case scenario.（政治观点）
Statisticsisone of my majors in university.（统计学）
Statisticsshowthat the number of homeless people is increasingly expanding in this region.（统计数据）
谓语复数：the + (a.) 指代一类人
例句：
The oldneedmore free public health-care services provided from the administration.
注：但是当根据上下文语境，the + (a.)指个人时，谓语要用单数形式
例句：
The accusedwassentenced tofourteen yearsof imprisonment.
谓语单数：the + (a.) 表示某类事物
例句：
The beautifulmakesus feel better when in the face of pressure.
谓语单数：动名词和不定式由“and”连接，指同一概念或事情时，谓语用单数；若指不同概念的两件事时，则用复数
例句：
Weepingandwailingisuseless to solve any problems.
Reading detective novelsandplaying the pianoaremyfavoritehobbies.
谓语复数：分数或百分数 + of + N复–––V复
谓语单数：分数或百分数 + of + N单/不可数–––V单
谓语复数：and/both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时（不同概念），V复
例句：
Workandrelaxationareregarded as two importantingredientsin our daily lives.
注：但是如果指同一事件或同一概念时，用V单
这些词组有时是固定的，如：
love and hate 爱与恨
law and order 法律和秩序
warandpeace 战争与和平
whiskyandsoda 威士忌加苏打
ham and eggs 火腿鸡蛋
knife and fork 刀叉
wheel and axle 轮轴
needle and thread 针线
例句：
Whiskyandsodatastesgood.
Warand peaceappearsfrequently in worldwide literature.
谓语一定用单数的其他词组还有：
Each…andeach…+ V单
Every…andevery…+ V单
No…andno…+ V单
数学加法、乘法作主语时，谓语单复数都可；减法和除法作主语时，谓语则用单数形式
对比例句：
4plus6equal(s)10.
4times6is/are24.
20minus6leaves14.
20divided by2is10.
八、情态动词要点概括
（一）对比can与be able to：
1. 若表示在过去成功地做了某件事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could
例句：
The patientwas able toget over his illness.
= The patientmanaged toget over his illness.
2. 比较肯定的否定推测用can’t，不用mustn’t
例句：
If the chefdidn’tgive him the secret recipe, hecan’tdo the dish.
注：could不表示时态，它的主要作用为：
1. 提出委婉的请求（答句中通常用can）
例句：
—CouldIhave a temporary break?
—Yes, youcan. / No, youcan’t.
2. 在否定句中表示推测，意为“不可能”
例句：
Hecouldn’tperpetrate such a brutal crime since he is alwaysas cowardly as a mouse.
（二）对比may与might：
might在表示推测时，可能性比may小，且不表示时态
注：固定搭配词组：may/might as well do sth “不妨”
注：could与might 在表示推测的时候，推测的程度不如can与may，且都不表示时态。
（三）must表示推测：
1. 当must表示对现在正在发生的事情推测时，must后跟动词的进行时
例句：
The studentmust be studyingin his room now since the final exam is approaching.
2. 当must 表示对已经发生的事情推测时，must后跟动词的完成时
例句：
Hemust have goneto work since he wasn’t at home.
3. 当must 表示对过去某时正在发生的事情进行推测时，后接动词的完成进行时
例句：
The old manmust have been talkingwith another lady, so hedidn’tanswer the phone in time.
（四）had better“最好做某事”
后跟动词原形，即had better do sth
注：had better have done sth意为“本来最好做某事”，表示与事实相反的结果
例句：
You had betterhave seen her offat the airport.（你本应该送机的）
（五）总结：“宁愿做某事”would rather do sth;
“宁愿不做某事”would rather not do sth
“宁愿做……而不愿做……”would rather do sth than do sth
would sooner do sth than do sth
had rather do sth than do sth
had sooner do sth than do sth
例句：
Iwould sooneron businessthanat home.（介词词组）
我宁愿出差在外也不想呆在家里。
Ihad ratherwork overtimethango to the cinema with that guy.
我宁愿加班也不愿意和那人去看电影。
（六）特殊的被动含义总结：
need, want, require, worth（形容词）后接doing表示被动的含义，具体如下：
need doing = need to be done
want doing = want to be done
require doing = require to be done
be worth doing = be worth to be done
例句：
The clothesrequire washing. = The clothesrequire to be washed.
The flowersneed watering. = The flowersneed to be watered.
九、其他语法重点概括
（一）强调句的结构总结：
It is/was 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其他部分
例句：
原句：The girl cleaned the ovenin the canteen yesterdayafternoon.
强调主语：It wasthe girlwhocleaned the oven in the canteen yesterday afternoon.
强调宾语：It wasthe oventhatthe girl cleaned in the canteen yesterday afternoon.
强调时间：It wasyesterday afternoonthatthe girl cleaned the oven in the canteen.（不用when）
强调地点：It wasin thecanteenthatthegirlcleaned the oven yesterday afternoon.
（二）原因关系：
表示原因时的“for”一般都会放在两个分句中间。
注：如果不是直接说明原因，而是推断，就只能用for
例句：
Hecouldn’thave handed in his resignation,forhe didn’t go to office this morning.
（三）“no matter + 疑问词”及“疑问词 + -ever”
no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
例句：
No matter whathis parents say, he will not give up the girl.
=Whateverhis parents say, he will not give up the girl.
注：“No matter + 疑问词”不能引导主语从句
例句：
√Whateverhis parents say is likewater off a ducks backto him.
不管他父母对他说什么，他都当成耳边风不加理会。
×No matter whathis parents say islike water off a ducks backto him.
注：“no matter + 疑问词”也不能引导宾语从句
√ The servant has to acceptwhateverhis master gives.
主人施舍什么，佣人就只能接受什么。
× The servant has toacceptno matter whathis master gives.
（四）比较and和or
否定句中的并列结构要用“or”来连接，但含有两个否定词的并列结构要用“and”，具体情况请参照以下对比例句：
对比例句：
There isnoriceorflour on the table.
There isnoriceandnoflour on the table.
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