2013年职称英语理工类B级考试真题
第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均由1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意思最接近的选项。
1. There was something peculiar in the way he smiles.
A. different B. wrong C. strange D. funny
2. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post.
A. at B. with C. about D. from
3. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge.
A. found by chance B. passed by C. took a notice of D. woke up
4. The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error.
A. general B. complex C. direct D. inflexible
5. It seems incredible that he had been there a week already.
A. unbelievable B. right C. obvious D. unclear
6. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
A. worried B. sleepy C. anxious D. offensive
7. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.
A. send B. hear C. spread D. confirm
8. As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
A. express B. influence C. divide D. voice
9. These animals migrate south annually in search of food.
A. explore B. travel C. inhabit D. prefer
10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company.
A. taught B. kept C. changed D. attracted
11. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.
A. cautious B. naked C. blind D. private
12. Make sure the table is securely anchored.
A. repaired B. cleared C. booked D. fixed
13. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.
A. shut B. break C. set D. beat
14. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.
A. shorten B. start C. end D. resume
15. He paused, waiting for her to digest the information.
A. understand B. withhold C. exchange D. contact
参考答案：CCADA DCBBD ADBCA
第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的`是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请选择C。
Wide World of Robots
Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker(修补)with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices. “They’re the best toys out there，”says Howle Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Choset is a roboticist，a person who designs，builds or programs robots.
When Choset was a kid，he was interested in anything that moved—cars，trains，animals. He put motors on Tinkertoy cars to make them move. Later，in high school，he built mobile robots similar to small cars.
Hoping to continue working on robots，he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena，Choset’s labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars：robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forward，backward，left and right. But snakes can twist(扭曲)in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain(地形). “Snakes are far more interesting than the cars，”Choset concluded.
After he started working at Carnegie Mellon，Choset and his colleagues there bagan developing their own snake robots. Choset’s team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes，such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually don’t，such as rolling. Choset’s snake robots could crawl(爬行)through the grass，swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole.
But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries，the doctor has to open a patient’s chest，cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake?
Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati，a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School，to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and they tested the robot in pigs.
A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology to surgeries on people.
Even after 15 years of working with his team's creations, "I still don't get bored of watching the motion of my robots," Choset says.
16.Choset began to build robots in high school.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
17.Snake robots could move in only four directions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
18.Choset didn’t begin developing his own snake robots until he started working Carnegie Mellon.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
19.Choset’s snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
20.The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
21.Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
22.The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome Medrobotics.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
参考答案：ABAACCC
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1~4段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Black Holes
1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum，sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel，and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational(重力的)force，hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.
2 Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen，other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass(恒星质量)black hole，which can only occur if the star is large enough(should be bigger than the sun)for the explosion to break it into pieces，and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare：if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers，then the Earth would become black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!
3 Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there，never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up(吞噬)objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole，but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits(轨道)do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star，only this its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.
4 So far，astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end，through numerous studies，they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light，it is not possible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to explore galaxies(银河系)，space and the solar system to understand how black holes. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years，and later contribute further process in galaxies，which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.
A. What happens to the objects around a black hole?
B. Is there proof that black holes really exist?
C. How were black holes named?
D. What are different types of black holes?
E. What are black holes made of?
F. How are black holes formed?
23. Paragraph 1 F
24. Paragraph 2 E
25. Paragraph 3 A
26. Paragraph 4 B
27. Black holes are formed after___D______.
28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into____F_____ .
29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of ___C______ .
30. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove____A_____ .
A. the existence of black holes
B. the creation of new entities
C. the same amount of mass
D. an explosion of huge stars
E. a fraction of an inch
F. the tiniest particle
参考答案：FEABDFCA
第4部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
第一篇 Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production，the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing(租赁)，both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf。 Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000，32 percent of US oil，35 percent of natural gas，and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands，representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil，gas，and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999，for example，$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury，and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues，of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year，federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines，rail systems，pipelines，and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production，though the amount is still significant. For example，federal geothermal(地热)resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours(千瓦时)of electricity per year，47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone，producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources，pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources，development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced，or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B Half of US energy is produced there.
C Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources，wind turbines，and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that
A the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.
B alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production.
C they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands.
D geothermal resources are more important than the other two。
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands
A the U.S. is demanding more and more energy.
B many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries.
C quite a few public lands are banned for energy development.
D many Americans think public lands are being abused.
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when
A energy development restrictions are effective.
B federal land managers grant permissions.
C they go through the land use planning process.
D there is enough federal budget.
参考答案：BAAAC
第二篇 Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels(太阳能电池板)for decades. But plants are the real experts. They’ve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight，carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)，and water into sugars and starches(淀粉)，stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis(光合作用). Unfortunately，unless you’re a plant，it’s difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That’s why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants，or biological cells that act like plants，to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example，Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden. Colo.，is working with green algae(水藻). She’s trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently，the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis，plants normally make sugars or starches.“But under certain conditions，a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch，but to make hydrogen.”Ghirardi says. For example，algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It’s the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment，however，is difficult. It’s not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate(硫酸盐)from the environment that the algae grow in，they will make hydrogen instead of sugars，even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells' activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere： “You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.”
36. How do plants relate to solar energy?
A They are the real experts in producing it.
B They have been a source of it.
C They have been used to produce it.
D They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to
A improve the efficiency of it.
B turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.
C make green plants a new source of energy.
D get more sugars and starches from plants.
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when
A they are grown in narrow-necked bottles.
B there is enough oxygen in the air.
C enough starches is stored.
D there is no oxygen in the air.
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because
A removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production.
B it is hard to create an airfree environment.
C it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment.
D the algae’s cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air.
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?
A They grow faster in a reactor.
B They will be planted everywhere.
C They are cheap to eat.
D They can be a good energy source.
参考答案：DADAD
第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert，a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers(獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert，Kitso Khama，to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior as discreetly(谨慎地)as possible，without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal’s reputation，this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals，especially when they see something new.”he says.“That，combined with their unpredictable nature，can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food，for example，they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans，but as soon as they feel they might be in danger，they can become extremely vicious(凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare，but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected，honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes，feared and avoided by most other animals，were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised，however，by the animal’s fondness for local melons，probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey(猎物). The team also learnt that，contrary to previous research findings，the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research，including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge，since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males，there are occasional fights over an important food source，and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people，it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals’ curiosity—or a sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns，which had been disrupted，to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger，as these seemed to badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A To observe how honey badgers behave.
B To find where honey badgers live.
C To catch some honey badgers for food.
D To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B They are always looking for food.
C They do not enjoy human company.
D It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A They were some creatures they did not eat.
B They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
C They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
D Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A They don’t run very quickly.
B They defend their territory from other badgers.
C They are more aggressive than females.
D They hunt over a very large area.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around then
A They became less aggressive towards other creature.
B They lost interest in people.
C They started eating more.
D Other animals started working with them.
参考答案：AABDB
第5部分：补全短文(第46~50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据文章的内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
The Tough Grass that Sweetens Our Lives
Sugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens. Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose(蔗糖)and was chewed on for its sweet taste. Over time，sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant，grown throughout the world. ________(46)
Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things，from confectionery(糖果点心)to medicine，and，as the demand for sugar grew，the industry became larger and more profitable. ____(47) ____ Many crops withered(枯萎)and died ，despite growers’ attempts to save them，and there were fears that the health of the plant would continue to deteriorate.
In the 1960s，scientists working in Barbados looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease. They experimented with breeding programmes，mixing genes from the more delicate，commercial type. ____(48)____This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially，but when this happens，it is expected to be incredible profitable for the industry.
____ (49)____Brazil，which produces one quarter of the world’s sugar，has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health.
Despite all the research，however，we still do not fully understand how the genes in sugar cane.____(50)____This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust, a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world. Scientist believe they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.
A Since the 1980s，scientists have been analysing the mysterious of the sugar canes genetic code.
47.B Unfortunately，however，the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.
46.C The majority of the world’s sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.
50.D One major gene has been identified by Dr. Angellique D’Hont and her team in Montpeller，France.
48.E Eventually，a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before，but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.
49.F Sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore more guaranteed.
第6部分：完形填空(第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳答案。
Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures(秃鹰)in question may look ugly and threatening，but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration，and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic_____(51)_____in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the ____(52)_____areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems _____(53)_____the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have _____(54)_____played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India (55). It is because they feed on dead cows. In India，cows are sacred animals and are _____(56)_____left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has _____(57_____an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these_____(58)_____animals. There are fears that rabies(狂犬症) may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately(最终)affect humans in the region，_____(59)_____wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species，_____(60)_____an even greater problem in the future.
The need for action is _____(61)_____，so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to _____(62)_____the disease causing the birds’ deaths and，if possible，develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture _____(63)were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined _____(64)over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as "critically endangered". As most vultures lay only single eggs and _____(65)_____about five years to reach maturity，reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.
51. A increase B threat C decline D risk
52. A small B different C same D safe
53. A above B with C across D through
54. A rarely B long C recently D seldom
55.A dangerous B clean C smelly D beautiful
56. A immediately B occasionally C hardly D traditionally
57. A acted as B led to C come from D slowed down
58. A dead B strange C wild D endangered
59. A when B so C whether D since
60. A improving B causing C predicting D finding
61. A frequent B regular C urgent D sudden
62. A identify B prove C test D check
63. A injuries B deaths C arrivals D attacks
64. A in B on C along D by
65. A waste B consume C take D adopt
参考答案：CC BB DBADB CABDC
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