2013年职称英语理工类A级考试真题
第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.
A. inflexible B. general
C. complex D. direct
2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.
A. turned dead B. passed by
C. carried away D. become extinct
3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.
A. shorten B. end
C. start D. resume
4. Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title.
A. argue B. claim
C. wish D. compete
5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.
A. simple B. reliable
C. effective D. alternative
6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.
A. moral B. regular
C. fundamental D. hard
7. The drinking water has became contaminated with lead.
A. polluted B. treated
C. tested D. corrupted
8. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.
A. shut B. set
C. break D. beat
9. She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.
A. wiped B. injected
C. produced D. removed
10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.
A. existence B. importance
C. cause D. situation
11. The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.
A. unknown B. unusual
C. undamaged D. unstable
12. Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.
A. doubtful B. untouched
C. certain D. silent
13. The proposal was endorsed the majority of members.
A. rejected B. submitted
C. considered D. approved
14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.
A. send B. spread
C. hear D. confirm
15. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.
A. naked B. cautious
C. blind D. private
参考答案：ADBDA CACCB CADBB
第2部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分)
New Understanding of Natural Silk’s Mysteries
Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility (柔韧性) from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.
To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals (纳米晶体) is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.
The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while that's all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).
By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes (纳米碳管), think again.The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk —like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.
16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. Silk’s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
参考答案：BABBCBA
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的.6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Black Holes
1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.
2 Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!
3 Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.
4 So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.
A. Is there proof that black holes really exist?
B. What are different types of black holes?
C. How are black holes formed?
D. How were black holes named?
E. What happens to the objects around a black hole?
F. What are black holes made of?
23.Paragraph1 C
24.Paragraph2 F
25.Paragraph3 E
26.Paragraph4 A
27. Black holes are formed after___B___.
28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into___C___.
29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of___D___.
30. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove__E____ .
A. the creation of new entities
B. an explosion of huge stars
C. the tiniest particle
D. the same amount of mass
E. the existence of black holes
F. a fraction of an inch
参考答案：CFEABCDE
第4部分：阅读理解(第31-45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Forecasting Methods
There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.
The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.
The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation(降水量). Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.
The climatology(气候学) method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.
The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today's forecast scenario(模式) and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.
31. Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?
A. Necessary amount of information.
B. Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.
C. Practical knowledge of the forecaster.
D. Creativity of the forecaster.
32. The persistence method fails to work well when
A. it is rainy.
B. it is sunny.
C. weather conditions stay stable.
D. weather conditions change greatly.
33. The trends method works well when
A. weather features are constant for a long period of time.
B. weather features are defined well enough.
C. predictions on precipitation are accurate.
D. the speed and direction of movement are predicable.
34. The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when
A. the analog looks complicated.
B. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.
C. the analog is more than 10 years old.
D. the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.
35. Historical weather data are necessary in
A. the persistence method and the trends method.
B. the trends method and the climatology method.
C. the climatology method and the analog method.
D. The persistence method and the analog method.
参考答案：DDABC
第二篇 Students Learn Better With Touchscreen Desks
Observe the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And — particularly in the United States — school children as a group don’t care much for, or excel(擅长)at, mathematics. So it’s heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.
AUK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students’ math skills compared to peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward.
Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy (效力) at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice — dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touchscreen desks boost both fluency and flexibility — the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out what the real problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it.
One reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. Known as SynergyNet, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared (红外线的) spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. By using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them.
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system?
A. It does not catch up with the development of technology.
B. Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.
C. Some similar complaints about it are heard in different countries.
D. Many students are not good at learning mathematics.
37. What has been found after the new tech is employed?
A. Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.
B. Students become less active in learning mathematics.
C. Students show preference to the conventional paper-and-pencil method.
D. The gap between slow learners and fast learners get more noticeable.
38. What is the benefit students get from the new tech?
A. It makes them more fluent in public speech.
B. It offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.
C. It is effective in helping them solve physical problems.
D. It enables them to develop critical thinking ability.
39. What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?
A. Every student has an individual tabletop.
B. Students use different tools to interact with each other.
C. The multi-touch function stimulates students.
D. The software installed automatically identifies different users.
40. How does the new tech work to improve students’mathematical learning?
A. It helps fast learners to learn faster.
B. It makes teachers’ instruction unnecessary.
C. It enables them to work together.
D. It allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.
参考答案：BADCC
第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badgers
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity —or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To observe how honey badgers behave.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don’t run very quickly.
B. They hunt over a very large area.
C. They defend their territory from other badgers.
D. They are more aggressive than females
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
B. They started eating more.
C. Other animals started working with them.
D. They lost interest in people.
参考答案：BACBD
第5部分：补全短文(第46-50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
Toads are Arthritic and in Pain
Arthritis(关节炎) is an illness that can cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads, a big problem in the north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs and backbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are more likely to be larger and to have longer legs. 46__________.
The large yellow toads, native to South and Central America, were introduced into the north-eastern Australian state of Queensland in 193S in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from destroying sugarcane crops. Now up to 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in the country, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up to 60 km a year. The toads can now be found across more than one million square kilometers. 47__________.A Venezuelan poison virus was tried in the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was found to also kill native frog species
The toads have severely affected ecosystems in Australia. Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from their poison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth. 48__________.
A co-author of the new study, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney, says that little attention has been given to the problems that toads face. Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queensland and the Northern Territory and found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active, sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.
According to the results of the study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometre a night.49__________.But speed and strength come at a price —arthritis of the legs and backbone due to constant pressure placed on them.
In laboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping, arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop(跳跃). 50__________.These toads are so programmed to move, apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and as far as the healthy ones, continuing their relentless march across the landscape.
A. Toads are not built to be road runners — they are built to sit around ponds and wet area.
48B. The task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.
47C. Furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of Australia’s native species.
49D. Toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances, while the others are being left behind.
46E. But this advantage also has a big drawback — up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer from arthritis.
50F. But arthritis didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory, the researchers found.
参考答案：BCDEF
第6部分：完形填空(第51-65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light
Solar photovoltaic(光电的) thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but ________ (51)now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector .That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon(晶体硅) solar cells, ________ (52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.
That’s a problem of economics. Good solarhot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower __________(53) .And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can __________(54)up all thespace on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a __________(55) in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous(非晶形的) silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they __________ (57) much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. __________ (58), thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
“That means that their efficiency drops when you__________ (59) them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains, which is one of the __________ (60) thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.
However, Pearce and his team found a __________ (61) to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new _____ (62) _____ of PVT .You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling __________ (63) of water, they could make thicker cells that largely _________ (64) the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they__________(65) the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.
A51. A. until B. unless C. when D. if
B52. A. what B. which C. that D. who
D53. A. reward B. bill C. pay D. cost
D54. A. move B. set C. live D. take
C55. A. decision B. suggestion C. solution D. qualification
D56. A. for B. by C. with D. as
C57. A. retrieve B. merge C. require D. exchange
A58. A. UnfortunatelyB. Certainly C. Luckily D. Immediately
D59. A. cover B. relate C. face D. expose
C60. A. restrictions B. advances C. reasons D. strengths
D61. A. part B. result C. subject D. way
A62. A. type B. size C. shape D. brand
B63. A. area B. point C. place D. extent
C64. A. promoted B. improved C. overcame D. asserted
A65. A. boosted B. defined C. wasted D. lower
参考答案：ABDDC DCADC DABCA
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