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职称英语考试常用语法:动词非谓语形式(2)

时间:2021-06-20 14:37:38 职称英语 我要投稿
 
问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别,因此不是语法考试的重点
 
一般讲,"to do"较具体的行为或状态,"-ing"表示较笼统的概念,如"学习外语对我来说并非易事"一般用"to do"来表达:To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或:It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.)
 
从应试角度讲,只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了:
 
It is no use (或good) + ing结构,例如:
 
It is no use quarreling with her. (和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选to quarrel with her)
 
There is no + ing 结构,例如:
 
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否认,在当今世界上,妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。)
 
There is no joking about this matter. (这事开不得玩笑。)
 
2.宾语
 
如上所述,非谓语动词"to do"或"-ing"当主语时,没有特别的语法要求。但是,当宾语时,就有一个用"to do"还是"-ing"的问题。大家还记得这个规定吗?如果忘了,请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第三句型".这是考试的一个重点。在以往的职称考试中,此项一般要占2-3道题目。
 
关于非谓语动词做宾语补足语的问题,请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第五句型".
 
3.定语
 
也就是做名词的修饰语。只要牢记本讲"非谓语动词的时态和语态意义"一节中的内容,就不难理解非谓语动词做定语的问题。非谓语动词做定语,本质上是"定语从句",例如:
 
Where is the house built last year?
 
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那栋房子哪儿去了?)
 
Do you see the house being built there ?
 
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看见那边那栋正在建造的房子了吗?)
 
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
 
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那栋房子将是我们的宿舍。)
 
也就是说,只要把握好"时间状语"和"语态(先行词与动词的关系)",非谓语动词做定语的考试选项比较容易,出题几率也比较低。
 
有人可能会问:
 
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written两个句子中的黑体部分都是做"letter"的定语,为什么一个用主动,另一个用被动语态。一般来说,当动词(write)的行为者就是句子的主语(I)时,用主动语态。因此,这两个句子的内涵是有些区别的。但由于考试形式的局限性,一般不会考这种区别的。
 
4.状语
 
非谓语动词做状语是这一讲的重点,也是考试的重点。大家还记得"句子的连接"一讲中说过的"逗号不能连接两个句子"这句话和所举的例子吗?
 
错:He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(逗号不能连接两个句子)
 
对:Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用连接词)
 
对:Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(使用非谓语动词形式)
 
如果:His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 该怎么改呢?
 
道理是一样的:
 
His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.
 
也就是说,非谓语动词也要有"行为的主体",称为"主格";如果"非谓语动词的行为的主体"与句子的主语不一致,要保留其行为主体(如上句中的"his child"),这种结构称为"(分词)独立主格结构".