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1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased ¡shareholders as a class, (which was) an element¡ [Óï·¨Äѵã]±¾¾äÊǵäÐ͵ķÇÏÞ¶¨ÐÔ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬ÄѵãÔÚÆäÖ÷ÓïºÍ±öÓï¶¼Óнϳ¤µÄ¶ÌÓïºÍof½á¹¹ÏÞ¶¨£¬²¢ÇÒ·Ö¾äÊÇÓÉÁ½¸öandÏàÁ¬µÄ3¸ö²¿·Ö×é³ÉµÄ¡£·Ö¾äan element¡landowners ÓÖ´øÓÐÁ½¸ö¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬Ò»¸öÊÇ£¨which was£©representing¡ £¬ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ(which was)detached¡¡£ ¿É¼û£¬¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄÄѵãÔÚÓÚ¾³£Ê¡ÂÔ¡°Òýµ¼´Ê+be¡±µÄ½á¹¹£¬´Ó¶øÔÚÀí½âÉÏÈÝÒ׺ͷִʽṹÏà»ìÏý¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë] ¶Ô×ʱ¾ºÍÆóÒµµÄÕâÖÖ´ó¹æÄ£µÄ·Ç¸öÈ˲Ù×Ý´ó´óÔö¼ÓÁ˹ɶ«×÷Ϊһ¸ö½×¼¶µÄÊýÁ¿ºÍÖØÒªÐÔ¡£Õâ¸ö½×²ã×÷Ϊ¹ú¼ÆÃñÉúµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬´ú±íÁ˷ǸöÈËÔðÈεIJƸ»ÓëÍÁµØ¼°ÍÁµØËùÓÐÕßÓ¦¾¡ÒåÎñµÄ·ÖÀ룬¶øÇÒÒ²¼¸ºõÓëÔðÈιÜÀíÏà·ÖÀë¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ] ʵ¼ÊÉ϶¨Óï´Ó¾ä²¢²»·ûºÏººÓïµÄʹÓÃϰ¹ß¡£ËùÒÔ·ÒëʱÓöÉ϶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬Ò»¶¨²»Òª»úеµØ°´ÕÕÔÀ´µÄ˳ÐòÉú°áÓ²Ìס£ÏñÕâÑù·Ö¾ä½Ï³¤µÄÇé¿ö£¬°ÑÖ÷¾äºÍ·Ö¾ä²ðΪÁ½¾äÊDZȽϺõķ½·¨¡£ËùÒÔÕâÀï´Ó¡°Õâ¸ö½×²ã¡±¿ªÊ¼ÁíÆðÒ»¾ä¡£ 2£®Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Towns¡sprang up¡classes who¡, and who¡ [Óï·¨Äѵã]1£©Óв¢ÁдӾ䡣·ÖÎö¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸ÉºÜÈÝÒ׿´µ½ÕâÒ²ÊÇÒ»¸öµäÐ͵͍Óï´Ó¾ä½á¹¹£¬·Ö¾äÓÉwho¡,and who¡Á½¸ö²¢Áнṹ×é³É¡£×¢Òâlike²¢²»ÊÇνÓï¶øÊǽé´Ê¶ÌÓï×÷¶¨Óï£¬ÕæÕýµÄÖ÷¾äνÓïÊÇsprang of¡£retire onÖ¸¡°ÒÀ¿¿Ê²Ã´¶øÍËÐÝ£¨¶à¸ú±íÊÕÈëµÄÃû´Ê£©¡±¡£ 2£©that of drawing dividends ½á¹¹ÖУ¬drawÊÇÊÕÈ¡µÄÒâ˼£¬dividendÖ¸ºìÀû£¬that of sth½á¹¹ÊÇÃû´ÊÐԵģ¬that of sthÏ൱ÓÚwhich is½á¹¹£¬Ä¿µÄ¶¼ÊÇÐÞÊÎÇ°ÃæµÄÃû´Ê¡£×¢ÒâºóÃæ»¹ÓÐattending¡ÊÇÊ¡ÂÔÁËwhich wereµÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬°Ñof sth½á¹¹ºÍ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä½»ÌæÊ¹ÓÃÊÇÓ¢ÓïÖг¤ÄѾäµÄ¹ßÓÃÊÖ·¨£¬Ä¿µÄÊDZÜÃâÐÐÎĵĵ¥µ÷£¬¿¼ÉúÅóÓÑÃÇҪעÒâ·Ö±æ¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë] ÏñBournemouthºÍEastbouneÕâÑùµÄ³ÇÊÐÐËÆðÁË£¬´óÅúÒþÍ˵ÄÏíÀֽײãÈËÊ¿¿¿×Ô¼ºµÄÊÕÈ룬ÔÚÕâÀï¹ý×ÅÓÆÏеÄÉú»î¡£ËûÃÇÓëȺÌåÖ®ÍâµÄÈËûÓÐÁªÏµ£¬Ö»ÊÇ·ÖÈ¡ºìÀû£¬Å¼¶û²Î¼Ó¹É¶«»áÒ飬¶Ô¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±·¢ºÅÊ©Áî¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]ͬÑùÊÇΪÁ˱ܿª¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬½«Ö÷¾äºÍ·Ö¾ä²ðΪÁ½¾ä¡£Òª×¢Ò⼸¸ö¶ÌÓïµÄÀí½â¡£ retire onÒÀ¿¿¡¡ÍËÐÝ/have¡relation¡toÓë¡¡ÓйØÏµ/up to ´ïµ½¡¡µÄ¹æÄ£ 3£®Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. " [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Robert Fulton once wrote, ¡°The mechanic should sit down¡, like a ¡, considering them as¡, in which a¡¡± [Óï·¨Äѵã]ÓÐÊ¡ÂÔ¡£1£©like¡·Ö¾äÊÇÊ¡ÂÔÁËwho µÄÖ÷Óï´Ó¾äÖеķ־䣬considering¡·Ö¾äÊÇÏÖÔÚ·Ö´ÊÒýµ¼µÄ×´Óï´Ó¾ä¡£Õâ¸ö×´Óï´Ó¾ä¿ÉÒÔÄõ½¾äÊ×£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¾äβ¡£Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ½Ï³¤µÄ×´Óï´Ó¾äÖÃÓÚ¾ä⣬½Ï¶ÌµÄÖÃÓÚ¾äÊ×£¬ÎªµÄÊÇʹ¾ä×Ó¿´ÉÏÈ¥ÏԵüò½àһЩ¡£ 2£©like·Ö¾äÖгöÏÖÁ˱Ƚ϶àµÄÊ¡ÂÔ£¬²¹È«ÒÔºóÊÇwho like a poet who is among the letters¡¡£Ó¢ÓïÖеĴӾäÖ®ËùÒÔÊÇÄѵã¾ÍÊÇÒòΪ´óÁ¿µØÊ¡ÂÔÒýµ¼´Ê¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë]ÂÞ²©ÌØ¡¤¸»¶û¶ÙÔø¾Ð´µÀ£¬»úе¹¤½«×øÔڸܸˡ¢ÂÝË¿¡¢Ð¨¡¢ÂÖ×ÓµÈÖÜΧ£¬ÏñÊ«È˶Դý×Öĸ±íÖеÄÿ¸ö×ÖĸһÑù£¬°ÑËüÃÇ×÷Ϊ×Ô¼ºµÄ˼·չʾ£¬Ã¿Ò»¸öÐÂ×éºÏ¶¼´«ËÍÒ»¸öиÅÄî¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]Èç¹ûÑϸñµØ·Ò룬like·Ö¾äÓ¦¸ÃÒëΪ¡°Ïñ¶Ô´ý×Öĸ±íÖÐ×ÖĸµÄÊ«ÈËÒ»Ñù¡±£¬ÔÒòÊÇÕâ¸ö´Ó¾äÐÞÊεÄÊÇ»úе¹¤£¬Ó¦¸ÃÓÃÊ«ÈËÀ´¶ÔÓ¦£¬µ«ÕâÑùÒ»À´£¬¾Í²»·ûºÏººÓïµÄ±í´ïϰ¹ßÁË¡£ 4£®Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]Some of these causes are reasonable results¡, Others are consequences of advances¡ [Óï·¨Äѵã]Ö÷ÓïÊÇsome of these causes£¬Êµ¼ÊµÄÖ÷Óï¾ÍÊÇsome£¬²»¹ýνÓïÊǵ¥Êý»¹ÊǸ´ÊýÔòÈ¡¾öÓÚofºóÃæµÄ³É·ÖÊǵ¥Êý»¹ÊǸ´Êý¡£being to¡ÊǶ¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄ·Ö¾ä½á¹¹£¬ÒâΪ¡°ÊôÓÚ¡±¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë]ÔÚÕâЩÔÒòÖУ¬ÓÐЩÍêÈ«ÊÇ×ÔÈ»¶øÈ»µØÀ´×ÔÉç»áÐèÇó£¬ÁíһЩÔòÊÇÓÉÓÚ¿ÆÑ§ÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ×ÔÎÒ¼ÓËÙ¶ø²úÉúµÄÄ³Ð©ÌØ¶¨·¢Õ¹µÄ±ØÈ»½á¹û¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]Õâ¸ö·Òë±È½Ï¼òµ¥£¬×¢Òâbeing toµÄ·Òë¼´¿É¡£ 5£®This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]This trend began during ¡, when¡,that¡ [Óï·¨Äѵã]1£©ÓÐÌ׺ʹӾ䡣Õâ¸ö¾ä×Óʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇThis trend began.ÆäÓàµÄ³É·Ö¶¼ÊÇÔÚÆðÐÞÊκÍÏÞ¶¨×÷Óá£ÔÚ·ÖÎö³¤ÄѾäʱһ¶¨Òª×¢ÒâÕÒ³ö¾ä×ÓµÄÖ÷¸É£¬¹Ø¼üÊÇÈ·¶¨¾ä×ÓµÄÖ÷ÓïºÍνÓֻÓÐÕâÑù²Å²»»á±»ÖÚ¶àµÄÐÞÊγɷÖËùÃÔ»ó¡£ 2£©WhenÒýµ¼µÄÊÇʱ¼ä×´Óï´Ó¾ä¡£µÚÒ»¸öthatÒýµ¼µÄÊÇÐÞÊÎconclusionµÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬µÚ¶þ¸öthatÒýµ¼µÄÊÇÐÞÊÎdemandsµÄ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä£¬wantsǰʡÂÔÁËwhich£¬ÊÇÒýµ¼µÄÐÞÊÎa governmentµÄÖ÷Óï´Ó¾ä¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë]ÕâÖÖÇ÷ÊÆÊ¼ÓÚµÚ¶þ´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½ÆÚ¼ä£¬µ±Ê±Ò»Ð©¹ú¼ÒµÄÕþ¸®ÏÂÁ˽áÂÛ£¬ÈÏΪ£ºÕþ¸®Ïò¿ÆÑлú¹¹Ìá³öµÄ¾ßÌåÒªÇóͨ³£ÊÇÎÞ·¨Ï꾡Ԥ¼ûµÄ¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]´Ë¾äÖжÌÓï½Ï¶à¡£ come to the conclusionÐγÉijÖÖ½áÂÛ/make ofÌá³ö/in detailÏêϸµØ 6£®This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]This seems ¡done by supporting a certain amount of research not¡but¡ [Óï·¨Äѵã]×¢Òânot¡but¾äÐÍ£¬ÒâΪ¡°²»ÊÇ¡¡¶øÊÇ¡¡¡± [¾ä×Ó·Òë]¸øÄ³Ð©Ó뵱ǰĿ±êÎ޹ص«½«À´¿ÉÄܲúÉúÓ°ÏìµÄ¿ÆÑÐÌṩ֧³Ö£¬¿´À´Í¨³£ÄÜÓÐЧµØ½â¾öÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâ¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]Ñϸñ˵À´£¬not¡but½á¹¹Ó¦ÒëΪ¡°²»ÊÇ¡¡¶øÊÇ¡¡¡±£¬µ«ÕâÑù¾ÍÏÔµÃÂÞ࣬Ëù ÒÔÒëΪ¡°Óë¡¡Î޹ء±£¬µ«£¨ÁíһЩÓйأ©¡£a amount ofÖ¸¡°ÊýÁ¿´ïµ½¡¡¡±¡£be related toÖ¸¡°Óë¡¡Óйء±¡£ 7£®However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]However, the world is so made that¡systems are ¡unable to deal with some of the ¡aspects [Óï·¨Äѵã]so madeÖ¸¡°Èç´Ë¹¹³É¡±£¬soºÍºóÃæµÄthat¹¹³Éso¡that½á¹¹£¬ÒâΪ¡°Èç´Ë¡¡ÒÔÖÁÓÚ¡¡¡±¡£be¡(un)able toÖ¸¡°¿ÉÒÔ£¨»ò²»¿ÉÒÔ£©¡¡¡±¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë]È»¶ø£¬ÊÀ½ç¾ÍÊÇÈç´Ë¡£Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ£¬ÍêÃÀµÄÌåϵÎÞ·¨½â¾öÊÀ½çÉÏijЩ¸ü¼ÓÒýÈËÈëʤµÄ¿ÎÌâ¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]be so made thatÒâΪ¡°È硹¹³É¡±£¬²»·ûºÏººÓï±í´ïϰ¹ß£¬ËùÒÔÒëΪ¡°¾ÍÊÇÈç´Ë¡±¡£ in principle ×ܵÄ˵À´/deal withÓ¦¸¶¡¡ 8£®New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. [¾ä×ÓÖ÷¸É]New forms¡as well as new subjects¡must arise¡as they have in the past, giving rise to¡ [Óï·¨Äѵã]Óв¢ÁдӾ䡣1)Ö÷Óï½ÏΪ¸´ÔÓ£¬Îª²¢Áнṹ£¬·Ö±ðÊÇnew formsºÍnew subjects£¬ÖмäÓÃas well asÁ¬½Ó¡£ 2£©asÔÚÕâÀïÒýµ¼ÁËÒ»¸ö½é´Ê½á¹¹£¨as they have in the past£©£¬haveµÄ±öÓïÊ¡ÂÔÁË£¬ÆäÄÚÈÝÓë±¾¾äÖ÷ÓïÒ»Ö¡£ 3)giving rise to¡·Ö¾äΪ·ÇÏÞ¶¨ÐÔ¶¨Óï´Ó¾äµÄ´Ó¾ä£¬Ê¡ÂÔÁËwhich are¡£ [¾ä×Ó·Òë]ͬ¹ýÈ¥Ò»Ñù£¬½«À´±ØÈ»»á³öÏÖеÄ˼ά·½Ê½ºÍеÄ˼ά¶ÔÏ󣬸øÍêÃÀÒÔеıê×¼¡£ [·Òë¼¼ÇÉ]as well as ºÍ£¬ÒÔ¼°/give rise to¸ø¡¡ÒÔ»ú»á¹²3Ò³: 1 [2] [3] ÏÂÒ»Ò³
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