54、 Why can many people see "silver linings" to the economic showdown?

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　A

　　［注释］细节题。SILVER LININGS指忧中之喜。最后一段讲到LOWER INTEREST RATES, STOCK-MARKET SWINGS 都是经济衰退中的有利可图的地方。

　　A. They would benefit in certain ways.

　　B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.

　　C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.

　　D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.

　　55、To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　C

　　［注释］细节题。这是一道主旨题，从全文的行文可以读出作者的态度。

　　译文 解读 谈到正在减速的经济，埃伦·丝皮罗的情况还不是很糟糕。但是这位47岁的剪指甲师修剪、锉光、擦亮的指甲并不是像她希望的那么多，她的多数顾客每周消费12~50美元，但上个月两个老顾客突然就不光顾了。丝皮罗因而归咎于经济疲软。"我是个准确的经济指示器"，她说："我所提供的是一种人们想省钱就可以不要的服务。所以丝皮罗正在缩减开支，在克里夫兰她乡下的家附近的一中档DILLAND商场购物。而不是在NEIMAN MARARS购物。她说，我不知其他顾客是否也会抛弃我"。 本文是一篇经济类论述文。

　　第一段、二段论述了当前美国经济衰退的各种迹象。 即使艾伦·格林斯番承认美国过热的经济正在降温，之前许多工薪族就已经觉察到了经济减缓的迹象。从汽车经济商到GAP销售店，因顾客削减开支，销售额已连续数月走低。对零售商来说，去年在感恩节和圣诞节之间的收入占全年收入的24%。而今年关键时刻又要来到了。专家们说，假日销售与去年同比下降了7%。但是现在还不用拉响警报，消费者似乎只是稍微有点担心，并不恐慌，许多人说他们对于经济的长远发展保持乐观的态度。甚至在他们适度地紧缩开支时也是如此。

　　消费者说他们并没有绝望，尽管报纸的大标题有些令人惊骇，他们自己的财富依旧坚挺。在大多数地区房地产的价格保持稳定。在曼哈顿，"四百万到一千万美元的房子，形成一股新的抢购热，主要是因为华尔街的分红"，经纪人巴巴拉考克安说，在旧金山尽管疯狂的叫价逐渐平息，但房价仍然在上涨。以前是20~30个卖主，现在取而代之的只有2个或3个，大多数人对自己有能力找到并保住一份工作感到很满意。

　　许多人在这次萧条中仍能看到一线希望，想买房子的人会为更低的利率而欢呼，老板们不会介意就业市场中的泡沫，一些消费者受到了股市波动的影响。但投资将此看作是保持繁荣的必要因素。吃饭的人也能得到好处。以前到曼哈顿的艾伦杜可斯餐厅找张桌子是不可能的，现在不会有这种事了。因此，格林斯番和各大公司还是可以值得庆祝的。 第三段、四段论述了美国的大多数人所持的乐观、积极的态度。我们仍需要谨慎，但也大可不必惊慌。

　　A. A now boom, on the horizon.

　　B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.

　　C. Caution all right, panic not.

　　D.The more ventures, the more chances.

　　Passage 4

　　Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.

　　"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Razitch's latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society."

　　"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:"We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness.

　　Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.

　　School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."

　　56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　C

　　［注释］细节题。文章开篇便讲，美国人当今对学术价值不大重视，他们的英雄是运动员、企业家而不是学者。学校是送孩子去接受实际教育的地方，而不是要为知识而知识。故知答案为C。

　　A. The habit of thinking independently.

　　B. Profound knowledge of the world.

　　C.Practical abilities for future career.

　　D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

　　57、 We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　A

　　［注释］细节题。文中第四段第三句话讲，自美国历史开始，民主党与平民党人士都拒绝任何有精美主义味道的东西。后文又谈及超验主义者爱默生和作家马克·吐温都是学术教育的反对者，故知美国传统中便有低估学术的倾向。

　　A. undervaluing intellect.

　　B. favoring intellectualism.

　　C.supporting school reform.

　　D. suppressing native intelligence.

　　58、 The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　D

　　［注释］细节题。RAVITCH的态度在文中第二段有所表露。RAVITCH认为学校是处于实际比学术重要的社会之中，学校应成为社会的一种平低力量，看来他是反对轻视学术的。

　　A. identical.

　　B. similar.

　　C.complementary.

　　D.opposite.

　　59、 Emerson, according to the text, is probably

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　B

　　［注释］细节题。文中第五段第一句话讲，爱默生认为学校教育和严格的读书学习给孩子们加上了非自然的限制，并说学生学了10年乃至15年后，除了一肚子的文词之外，步入社会却不晓世事。可知其反对学校教育。

　　A. a pioneer of education reform.

　　B. an opponent of intellectualism.

　　C.a scholar in favor of intellect.

　　D.an advocate of regular schooling.

　　60、 What does the author think of intellect?

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　C

　　［注释］态度题。作者的态度是比较客观的。文中第三段讲，拒思想性生活，会使人们丧失批判性思考的能力，也会使人们易于为人控制，不能充分参与民主，所以应当有学术追求。

　　译文 解读 当今的美国人对知识的获得并不特别重视。我们心目中的英雄是运动员、演员和企业家，而不是学者。甚至学校也是一个我们送孩子去接受实用教育的场所。而不是为了获得知识而学知识的地方。学校里很容易见到处处存在的反知识主义的现象。 本文是一篇议论文。第一段指出了美国社会中的对知识学习轻视的倾向。 "学校总是处在一个实践重于知识的社会环境中"教育作家黛安·瑞维茨说。"学校能够成为一种平衡力量。"瑞维茨最新出版的一本书《学校改革一个世纪的失败》追溯了我们的学校里反知识主义的根源，并得出结论：它们根本不能平衡美国人对追求知识的反感。

　　但是学校能够而且应该是人们追求知识的地方。鼓励孩子抛弃脑力活动使得他们容易被利用和控制。如果没有能力进行批判性思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就能充分地参与到我们的民主政治中来。这样发展下去，就会像作家俄尔萧里斯说的，"我们会变成一个二流的国家，社会文明度将降低"。

　　"知识被人们看作是一种权力或特权的形式而遭到憎恶"，历史学家理查德·豪夫斯台德教授在他的《美国社会中的反知识主义》一书中这样说。该书因为揭示美国政治、宗教以及教育界的反知识主义根源，获得普利策奖。豪夫斯台德说，从我们的历史最早期开始，我们的民主和民粹主义倾向就使我们摈弃一切和精英政治味道的东西。实用性、常识、天分一直都被认为是比从书本中学来的任何东西都高尚的资质。 第二段、三段指出美国人对知识的轻视源于对实用性的认同，使得学校也不能成为为了知识而学习知识的地方。 拉夫瓦尔·多爱默生和其他一些先验论哲学家认为学校教育和高强度的书本学习会使孩子受到不正常的限制，"我们被关在学校和大学的背诵室里，一关就是10到15年，最后带着满腹经文出来，却什么都不知道。"马克吐温的作品《哈克贝利·芬》这样描述美国的反知识主义。书中的主人公拒绝接受文明教化——上学认字——所以他保持了自己天生的好的品质。

　　在豪夫斯台德看来，知识和天分是不同的，我们虽不情愿，但只能羡慕别人的天分，但知识是我们头脑中批判性、创造性和沉思性的一面。天分对信息进理解，应用、加工、并调整，而知识却会研究、思考、提问、总结理论、批判、并想象。

　　目前学校里知识仍遭到怀疑。豪夫斯台德说我们国家的教育体系掌握在这样一些人手中，他们"毫不掩饰自己对知识的憎恶，对学习成绩最差的学生却表现出极大的认同，并且对自己的立场颇为得意。" 第四、五、六、七段作者在分析了知识和天分区别的基础上，说明了知识的重要性。

　　A. It is second to intelligence.

　　B. It evolves from common sense.

　　C.It is to be pursued.

　　D.It underlies power.

　　Section III Part B(每题2分，共10分)

　　Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

　　The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

　　61、

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

　　62、

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　我们之所有感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。

　　63、

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。

　　64、

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

　　65、

　　（本题分值：2分）

　　【正确答案】

　　Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

　　Section IV (共20分)Writing

　　66、Directions:

　　Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should

　　1) describe the drawing

　　2) interpret its meaning, and.

　　3) support your view with examples.

　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

　　终点又是新起点

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